Skip to main content
. 2001 May 8;98(10):5458–5465. doi: 10.1073/pnas.101093598

Table 1.

Some characteristics of intentionally modified ecosystems

High natural resource extraction
Short food chains
Food web simplification
Habitat homogeneity
Landscape homogeneity
Heavy use of herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides
Large importation of nonsolar energy
Large importation of nutrient supplements
Convergent soil characteristics
Modified hydrological cycles
Reduced biotic and physical disturbance regimes
Global mobility of people, goods, and services