Table 2. Characteristics associated with visceral leishmaniasis-malaria co-infections at Amudat Hospital, Uganda, 2000–2006 (part I).

Variable	Malarial-VL co-infection cases		Non-malarial VL cases		Crude Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval
	n (%)		n (%)
Gender	450		1964
Male	311	(69.1)	1350	(68.7)	1
Female	139	(30.9)	614	(31.3)	0.98	0.79–1.23
Age	447		1945
Median (inter-quartile range)	10 (6–16)		12 (7–21)
0–4 years	82	(18.3)	234	(12.0)	2.34	1.53–3.75*
5–9 years	133	(29.8)	451	(23.2)	2.02	1.33–3.07*
10–19 years	145	(32.4)	687	(35.3)	1.44	0.96–2.18*
20–29 years	55	(12.3)	354	(18.2)	1.06	0.67–1.70
≥30 years	32	(7.2)	219	(11.3)	1
Country of origin	450		1962
Uganda	140	(31.1)	533	(27.2)	1
Kenya	310	(68.9)	1429	(72.8)	1.21	0.97–1.51
Season on admission	450		1964
Wet season	177	(39.3)	828	(42.2)	1
Dry season	273	(60.7)	1136	(57.8)	1.12	0.91–1.39
VL infection	450		1964
Primary infection	442	(98.2)	1922	(97.9)	1
Relapse	8	(1.8)	42	(2.1)	0.83	0.39–1.78
Previous VL treatment	450		1964
No	440	(97.8)	1928	(97.7)	1
Yes	10	(2.2)	46	(2.3)	0.95	0.45–1.89
Malnutrition	424		1882
No	168	(39.6)	638	(33.9)	1
Moderate-mild	142	(33.5)	744	(39.5)	0.73	0.57–0.93*
Severe	114	(26.9)	500	(26.6)	0.87	0.66–1.13
Anemia degree on admission	447		1938
Median hemoglobin g/dl (inter-quartile range)	7.3 (6.7–9.7)		7.3 (6.7–8.7)
None (Hemoglobin ≥11 g/dl)	26	(5.8)	68	(3.5)	1
Mild (Hemoglobin 7.3–10.9 g/dl)	276	(61.7)	1218	(62.8)	0.59	0.37–0.95*
Moderate (Hemoglobin 5.3–7.2 g/dl)	130	(29.1)	592	(30.5)	0.64	0.35–0.94*
Severe (Hemoglobin<5.3 g/dl)	15	(3.4)	60	(3.1)	0.91	0.32–1.35*
Spleen size on admission	443		1943
Median spleen size below the costal margin (inter-quartile range)	13.0 (10.0–15.0)		13.0 (10.0–16.0)
<11 cm	111	(25.1)	513	(26.4)	1
11–14 cm	191	(43.1)	752	(38.7)	1.17	0.91–1.52
>14 cm	141	(31.8)	678	(34.9)	0.96	0.73–1.26

*: P-value<0.10 based on Person Chi-square tests.