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. 2011 Jul 7;21(4):659–670. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-9965-9

Table 1.

Levels of evidence for the overall quality of the measurement property [17]

Level Rating Criteria
Strong +++ or −−− Consistent findings in multiple studies of good
methodological quality OR in one study of excellent
methodological quality
Moderate ++ or −− Consistent findings in multiple studies of fair
methodological quality OR in one study of good
methodological quality
Limited + or − One study of fair methodological quality
Conflicting ± Conflicting findings
Unknown ? Only studies of poor methodological quality

[..] reference number, + positive result, − negative result