Table 3.
Risk factors for carriage of S. pneumoniae, non-typable (NT) H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus by univariate and multivariate analysis
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | P value | OR [95% CI] | P value | |
| Carriage of S. pneumoniae | ||||
| Fever ≥ 38.5°C | 1.47 1.30;1.66 | < 0.0001 | 1.3 1.11;1.54 | 0.002 |
| Daycare centre attendance | 1.45 1.28;1.65 | < 0.0001 | 1.51 1.28;1.78 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of M. catarrhalis | 1.41 1.25;1.59 | < 0.0001 | 1.17 1.01;1.36 | 0.034 |
| Period of the study | 1.01 0.89;1.14 | 0.905 | 0.85 0.69;1.05 | 0.130 |
| Age ≥ 12 months | 0.99 0.88;1.11 | 0.853 | 0.94 0.81;1.09 | 0.392 |
| Antibiotic use 3 months before enrolment | 0.80 0.69;0.92 | 0.002 | 0.76 0.66;0.89 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of H. influenzae | 0.80 0.71;0.90 | < 0.0001 | 0.84 0.72;0.98 | 0.028 |
| Conjunctivitis | 0.50 0.43;0.57 | < 0.0001 | 0.52 0.44;0.62 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of S. aureus | 0.36 0.27;0.46 | < 0.0001 | 0.49 0.35;0.67 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of NT H. influenzae | ||||
| Conjunctivitis | 4.64 3.98;5.42 | < 0.0001 | 4.39 3.67;5.26 | < 0.0001 |
| Daycare centre attendance | 1.63 1.44;1.85 | < 0.0001 | 1.40 1.18;1.65 | < 0.0001 |
| Age ≥ 12 months | 1.43 1.27;1.62 | < 0.0001 | 1.28 1.10;1.48 | 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use 3 months before enrolment | 1.27 1.10;1.46 | 0.001 | 1.22 1.05;1.42 | 0.01 |
| Period of the study | 1.08 0.96;1.22 | 0.224 | 0.89 0.73;1.08 | 0.261 |
| Carriage of S. pneumoniae | 0.80 0.71;0.90 | < 0.0001 | 0.83 0.71;0.96 | 0.015 |
| Carriage of S. aureus | 0.47 0.35;0.62 | < 0.0001 | 0.61 0.43;0.85 | 0.004 |
| Carriage of M. catarrhalis | ||||
| Daycare centre attendance | 1.91 1.68;2.17 | < 0.0001 | 1.83 1.60;2.09 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of S. pneumoniae | 1.41 1.25;1.59 | < 0.0001 | 1.23 1.08;1.39 | 0.001 |
| Fever ≥ 38.5°C | 1.30 1.15;1.46 | < 0.0001 | 1.17 1.03;1.33 | 0.015 |
| Period of the study | 1.22 1.08;1.38 | 0.001 | 1.08 0.95;1.22 | 0.255 |
| Age ≥ 12 months | 1.14 1.01;1.28 | 0.037 | 1.05 0.93;1.19 | 0.424 |
| Conjunctivitis | 0.79 0.68;0.90 | 0.001 | 0.77 0.67;0.89 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of S. aureus | 0.40 0.31;0.52 | < 0.0001 | 0.44 0.33;0.58 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of S. aureus | ||||
| Carriage of S. pneumoniae | 0.36 0.27;0.47 | < 0.0001 | 0.35 0.26;0.46 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of H. influenzae | 0.47 0.35;0.62 | < 0.0001 | 0.43 0.33;0.57 | < 0.0001 |
| Carriage of M. catarrhalis | 0.40 0.31;0.52 | < 0.0001 | 0.42 0.32;0.55 | < 0.0001 |
| Age ≥ 12 months | 0.61 0.47;0.79 | < 0.0001 | 0.65 0.50;0.85 | 0.002 |
| Period of the study | 0.84 0.65;1.08 | 0.173 | 0.92 0.70; 1.19 | 0.521 |
OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
*Tested variables in the regression logistic model were: period of the study, age, daycare attendances modalities, conjunctivitis, fever ≥ 38.5°C, otalgia, antibiotic 3 months before inclusion, Sp, Hi, Bc and Sa carriage. Only variables kept in the final model are presented in the table.
- Daycare center attendance was associated with increased carriage rates of Sp, NTHi and Mc.
- Age > 12 months was associated with increased NTHi carriage and with decreased Sa carriage.
- Fever ≥ 38.5°C was associated with an increased risk of Sp carriage.
- Conjunctivitis was associated with an increased risk of NTHi carriage and a decreased risk of Sp carriage.