Table 3.
Values for Measures Used in the Analysis and Behavioral/Lifestyle Variables, by Parental Incarceration Status (n = 15,558), National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994–2008a,b
| Variable | Lifetime History of Parental Incarceration |
|
| With Parental Incarceration | Without Parental Incarceration | |
| Measures used in analysis | ||
| Male sex | 0.44 (0.49) | 0.47 (0.49) |
| Respondent’s age at each interview wave, years | ||
| Wave I | 15.45 (1.71) | 15.64 (1.73) |
| Wave II | 16.37 (1.73) | 16.56 (1.75) |
| Wave III | 21.83 (1.74) | 22.01 (1.75) |
| Wave IV | 28.36 (1.77) | 28.52 (1.78) |
| Self-reported race/ethnicity (wave I) | ||
| White | 0.46 (0.49) | 0.54 (0.49) |
| Black | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.20 (0.40) |
| Hispanic | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.16 (0.36) |
| Asian | 0.02 (0.14) | 0.07 (0.25) |
| Native American | 0.03 (0.16) | 0.02 (0.12) |
| Other race | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.20) |
| Ever arrested | 0.43 (0.49) | 0.25 (0.44) |
| Parental education (as reported by parents) | ||
| Less than high school | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.27 (0.44) |
| High school graduate | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.34 (0.47) |
| College graduate | 0.30 (0.46) | 0.39 (0.49) |
| Wave I family structure | ||
| Resides with both biologic parents | 0.23 (0.42) | 0.58 (0.49) |
| Two parents, one biologic | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.13 (0.35) |
| Single mother | 0.36 (0.48) | 0.21 (0.41) |
| Single father | 0.05 (0.21) | 0.03 (0.17) |
| Other family | 0.13 (0.33) | 0.05 (0.21) |
| Father unknownc | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.08 (0.27) |
| Father closeness scaled | 3.29 (1.34) | 3.88 (1.18) |
| Poverty ratee | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.06) |
| Nonwhite county residentsf | 0.22 (0.16) | 0.23 (0.16) |
| Urban densityg | 0.52 (1.37) | 0.51 (1.32) |
| Repeated abuse by parent or caregiverh | 0.16 (0.36) | 0.07 (0.26) |
| Parental report of problems in child temperamenti | 0.35 (0 .48) | 0.27 (0.44) |
| Stressful life events at each wavej | ||
| Wave I | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.08) |
| Wave II | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.06) |
| Wave III | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.08) |
| Wave IV | 0.20 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.14) |
| Internalizing/externalizing behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles | ||
| Depressionk | ||
| Wave I | 3.54 (2.95) | 3.12 (2.78) |
| Wave II | 3.57 (2.98) | 3.05 (2.76) |
| Wave III | 2.79 (2.94) | 2.25 (2.65) |
| Wave IV | 3.32 (3.08) | 2.67 (2.73) |
| Suicidal thoughtsl | ||
| Wave I | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.13 (0.44) |
| Wave II | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.10 (0.30) |
| Wave III | 0.09 (0.28) | 0.06 (0.23) |
| Wave IV | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.06 (0.23) |
| Sedentary behaviors, hours/daym | ||
| Wave I | 3.66 (3.31) | 3.14 (2.89) |
| Wave II | 3.50 (3.30) | 2.96 (2.81) |
| Wave III | 3.58 (3.26) | 3.11 (2.77) |
| Wave IV | 3.46 (3.39) | 3.12 (2.84) |
| Fast food consumption, daysn | 2.78 (2.94) | 2.13 (2.05) |
| Soft drink consumptiono | 0.77 (0.42) | 0.95 (0.20) |
| No. of respondents | 2,677 (17.2)p | 12,881 (82.8)p |
All data come from waves I–IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.
Cell entries represent means (standard deviations) for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables.
Biologic father not known by respondent at time of wave 1 interview.
Respondent’s wave I response to the question, “How close do you feel towards your biological father?” Coded 1 (not close at all) to 5 (fairly close). Used by K. M. Harris and S. Ryan in Conceptionalizing and Measuring Father Involvement (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2003:293–319) (45).
Proportion of families in the county living below the poverty level.
Proportion of residents in the county who were not non-Hispanic Caucasians.
Average number of residents in the county per square kilometer.
Dichotomous variable indicating history of being slapped, kicked, or hit by a parent or caregiver more than 5 times before the age of 10 years. Coded 1 if the event occurred more than 5 times and 0 otherwise.
Parent’s response to the question, “Does your child have a temper?” Coded 1 if yes and 0 if no. Used as a measure of low self-control by Hagan and Foster (Soc Forces. 2003;82(1):53–86) (46).
Proportion of stressful life events experienced at each wave, as discussed in Table 4.
Five-item longitudinal measure of depression, as discussed in Table 4.
Self-report of respondent’s having suicidal thoughts or thinking about suicide in the 12 months prior to the interview, assessed at all 4 waves of interviews.
Average number of hours per day that the respondent engaged in sedentary behaviors, as defined in Table 4.
Number of days the respondent consumed fast food during the week prior to the interview.
Any consumption of soft drinks during the week prior to the interview (yes).
Number in parentheses, percentage.