Table 1. List of cultivars recorded in diets of wild chimpanzees and part(s) eaten.
Crop | Part Eaten1 | Study Sites2 | No. Sites |
Confirmed (Unconfirmed) | Confirmed (All records)3 | ||
Avocado (Persea americana) | F | (Bos, Bul) | 0 (2) |
L | Bos | 1 | |
Banana (Musa spp.)4 | F | Ben, Bos, Bul, Gom, Kib, Mah, Oko (Bil, Cad, Con, Gui, Hoi) | 7 (12) |
P | Bos, Bul, Kib, Mah, Ner, Oko (Con) | 6 (7) | |
L | Mah | 1 | |
Un | (Dja, Ivo, Kah) | 0 (3) | |
Butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus) | L | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
S | (Bos) | 0 (1) | |
Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) | F | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) | F | Cad (Bos) | 1 (2) |
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) | Fl | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
T | Bos, Oko (Gui, Hoi, Yea) | 2 (5) | |
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) | F | Bos, Bul, Dja (Hoi, Ivo, Taï, Yea) | 3 (7) |
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) | F | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
Coffee (Coffea sp.) | Un | (Ivo) | 0 (1) |
Cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) | S | Cad | 1 |
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) | Un | (Dja) | 0 (1) |
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) | F | Bos, Sil | 2 |
Guava (Psidium guajava) | F | Bud, Bul, Mah (Bos, Cad) | 3 (5) |
L | (Bos) | 0 (1) | |
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) | F | Bul, Hoi | 2 |
Lemon (Citrus limon) | F | Mah, Rub (Cad) | 2 (3) |
Maize (Zea mays) | F | Bos, Bud, Gui, Kib (Yea) | 4 (5) |
P | Gis, Mah (Bul) | 2 (3) | |
Un | (Bis, Hoi, Ivo, Kah) | 0 (4) | |
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) | F | Bos (Cad) | 1 (2) |
Mango (Mangifera indica) | F | Bos, Bud, Bul, Cad, Gom, Gui, Iss, Kas, Lop, Mah (Hoi, Kan) | 10 (12) |
Millet (unknown sp.) | Un | (Gui, Sil) | 0 (2) |
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) | F | Bos | 1 |
L | Bos | 1 | |
Fl | Bos | 1 | |
Orange (Citrus sinensis) | F | Bos, Bul, Cad, Gui (Yea) | 4 (5) |
Papaya (Carica papaya) | F | Ben, Bil, Bos, Bud, Bul, Cad, Kas (Gui, Hoi, Ivo, Yea) | 7 (11) |
P | Bos, Cad | 2 | |
L | Bos, Cad | 2 | |
B | Bos | 1 | |
W | Bos | 1 | |
Passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) | F | Bul, Kas, Kib | 3 |
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) | S | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) | S | Mah (Bos) | 1 (2) |
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) | F | Bos (Bul, Gui, Hoi, Ivo, Yea) | 1 (6) |
P | Bos | 1 | |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) | F | (Bos, Bul, Hoi) | 0 (3) |
Rice (Oryza sp.) | P | Bos (Ivo, Sil, Yea) | 1 (4) |
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) | P | Mah (Hoi) | 1 (2) |
Soursop (Annona muricata) | F | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) | P | Bil, Bos, Bud, Bul, Kas, Kib, Mah, Oko (Bis, Con, Gui, Hoi, Ivo) | 8 (13) |
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) | T | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) | F | Bul | 1 |
Tea (Camellia sinensis) | Fl | (Gui) | 0 (1) |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) | F | (Bos, Bul) | 0 (2) |
Yam (Dioscorea sp.) | P | Bul | 1 |
T | (Bos) | 0 (1) |
Part Eaten: F = fruit, P = pith, L = leaf, S = seed, Fl = flower, T = tuber, B = bark, W = wood, Un = unspecified;
Study Sites (+ = site record known or likely to concern ≥1 chimpanzee community; # = record is a nationwide survey comprising multiple localities): (a) Pan t. schweinfurthii: Ben = Beni [56], [57]; Bil = Bili-Uele+ [58]; Bud = Budongo+ [37]; Bul = Bulindi [41]; Con="East Congo”+ [59]; Gis = Gishwati [60]; Gom = Gombe [35]; Hoi = Hoima District+ [31]; Iss = Issa [61]; Kah = Kahuzi-Biega+ [62]; Kas = Kasokwa [63], [64]; Kib = Kibale+ [26], [65]; Mah = Mahale+ [34], [66]; (b) Pan t. troglodytes: Dja = Dja+ [67], [68]; Lop = Lópe+ [36]; Oko = Okorobikó Mtns [69]; (c) Pan t. verus: Bis = Guinea-Bissau# [70]; Bos = Bossou [30], [40]; Cad = Caiquene & Cadique [32]; Gui = Guinea# [44]; Ivo = Côte d'Ivoire# [43]; Kan = Kanfarande [71]; Ner = Nérébili [72]; Sil = Kanka Sili [29]; Taï = Taï [73]; Yea = Yeale, Mt Nimba (Granier, in [33]); Rub = Rubondo [74].
Sites at which the cultivar was confirmed eaten via direct observation, faecal analysis and/or feeding traces, are distinguished from unconfirmed sites at which consumption was recorded via local reports or an unspecified method. ‘All records’ is the sum of confirmed and unconfirmed sites.
Includes both plantain and sweet bananas.