Figure 1.

Interaction of ligand with RET and cell-signaling pathways.

Abbreviations: AKT, serine/threonine protein kinase; ECLD, extracellular ligand domain; FRS 2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; GFRα, GDNF family receptor; IRS 1–2, insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RAS/ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; RET, rearranged during transcription; SHC, Src homology and collagen; TKD, tyrosine kinase domain; TMD, transmembrane domain.