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Yield of product versus bromoarene substituent for 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine (6, solid bars) and 1,10-phenanthroline (7, white speckled bars). In general, ligand 6 is superior for electron-rich arenes, such as 4-methoxybromobenzene and all chloroarenes (data not on chart). Ligand 7 works best for electron-poor bromoarenes.
