Table 1.

Summary of hippocampal models and associated perspectives on requirements for consciousness of encoding and retrieval.

Model	Representative citation	MTL brain regions	Type of memory	Consciousness of Encoding	Consciousness of Retrieval
Declarative memory theory	Squire et al. (2004)	Hippocampus and MTL cortical structures	Conscious memory for facts and events	Yes	Yes
Component process model	Moscovitch (1992)	Hippocampus and MTL cortical structures	Components of consciously apprehended events	Yes	Yes
Two-stage model of recollection	Moscovitch (2008)	Hippocampus (PFC and parietal cortex)	Consciously recollected events	N/A	Stage 1—No
					Stage 2—Yes
Relational memory theory	Eichenbaum et al. (1994)	Hippocampus	Flexible, compositional inter-item and item-context relationships	–	Not required
		MTL cortical structures	Single items and inflexible (fused/unitized) associations	–	Not required
Processing model	Henke (2010)	Hippocampus	Rapidly encoded, flexible associations	Not required	Not required
		Parahipp. Gyrus (BG and cerebellum)	Incrementally learned, inflexible associations	Not required	Not required
		Parahipp. gyrus	Single items and inflexible (fused/unitized) associations	Not required	Not required

MTL cortical structures include the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortex; BG, basal ganglia; PFC, prefrontal cortex; –, not explicitly described in the model. Note that the 2-stage model of recollection is an extension (and subset) of the component process model.