Table 1.
New agents causing OA.
| Substances | Ref- erence |
Workplace | No. of cases | Symptoms | Immunological tests | Functional tests | SIC | Remark | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPT | IgE | Increased NSBR | PEF | ||||||||
| Drugs | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Vancomycin | [17] | Pharmaceutical company | 1 | A, R | − | − | + | + | ND | NA | Intradermal test +/Histamine release test + |
| Colistin | [18] | Pharmaceutical company | 1 | A, R | ND | − | − | ND | + | EAR | NSBR negative before SIC |
| 7-ACSA | [19] | Pharmaceutical company | 2 | A (2/2), R (1/2) | + (1/2) | + (1/2) | + (2/2) | ND | + (2/2) | EAR (1/2) NS (1/2) | |
| Thiamphenicol | [20] | Pharmaceutical company | 3 | A (3/3), R (3/3) | + (2/3) | + (2/3) | + (3/3) | ND | + (3/3) | EAR (2/3) LAR(1/3) | |
| Cefteram | [21] | Pharmaceutical company | 2 | A | + (2/2) | + (2/2) | + (2/2) | ND | + (2/2) | EAR (2/2) | |
| 7-TACA | [22] | Pharmaceutical company | 1 | A, R | ND | ND | − | ND | + | EAR | Increased nasal eosino count after SIC/NSBR negative before and after SIC |
| Thiamine | [23] | Cereal manufacture | 2 | A (2/2) | ND | − (1/1) | + (1/1) | + (2/2) | + (2/2) | LAR (2/2) | Hypoxemia after SIC: pO2 45 mm Hg |
| Lasamide and precursors | [24] | Pharmaceutical company | 3 | A (3/3), R (3/3) | ND | ND | + (2/3) | ND | + (3/3) | EAR (3/3) | NSBR negative before SIC in 1 subject |
| Aescin | [25] | Pharmaceutical company | 1 | A, R | ND | ND | + | + | + | AAR | |
| Sevoflurane and isoflurane | [26] | Hospital, anaesthetic staff | 2 | A (2/2), R (1/2), AR (1/2) | ND | ND | + (2/2) | + (1/2) | + (1/2) | LAR | |
| Mitoxantrone | [27] | Hospital, oncology staff | 1 | A, R | ND | ND | + | ND | + | LAR | BAL: increase in neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosino after SIC |
| 5-ASA | [28] | Pharmaceutical company | 1 | A | − | ND | + | ND | + | LAR | Increase in sputum eosino after SIC/Increase in eNO level after SIC |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 12 | 20 | A 20/R 13/D 0 | 5/9 | 5/10 | 16/19 | 5/6 | 18/19 | EAR 10/LAR 6/AAR 1/NS 1 | |||
|
| |||||||||||
| Wood dust | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Tali | [29] | Carpentry | 2 | A (2/2), R (2/2) | − (0/2) | − (0/2) | + (2/2) | + (2/2) | + (2/2) | LAR (1/2) DAR (1/2) | Increase in sputum eosino after SIC (2/2) |
| Jatoba | [29] | Carpentry | 1 | A, R | − | − | + | + | + | EAR | Increase in sputum eosino after SIC |
| Chengal | [30] | Carpentry | 1 | A, R | ND | ND | ND | + | + | EAR | |
| Falcata | [31] | Wood furniture plant | 1 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | + | EAR | Intradermal test +/Specific IgG + |
| Cedroarana | [32] | Carpentry | 1 | A, R | + | + | − | ND | + | EAR | Nasal provocation test +/NSBR negative before and after SIC |
| Bethabara | [33] | Railway platform | 1 | A | ND | ND | + | ND | + | LAR | Increase in sputum eosino after SIC |
| Angelim pedra | [34] | Carpentry | 1 | A, R | + | + | + | ND | + | EAR | |
| Ipe | [35] | Wood work | 1 | A | + | − | ND | ND | + | LAR | |
| Antiaris | [36] | Door manufacture | 1 | A, R | + | + | + | ND | + | DAR | Conjunctival provocation test + |
| African cherry | [37] | Carpentry | 1 | A | − | ND | + | ND | + | DAR | |
| Sapele | [38] | Carpentry | 1 | A, R, D | − | + | ND | ND | ND | NA | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 11 | 12 | A 12/R 8/D1 | 4/9 | 4/8 | 7/8 | 4/4 | 11/11 | EAR 5/LAR 3/DAR 3 | |||
|
| |||||||||||
| Metals | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Manganese | [39] | Welding | 1 | A | − | ND | + | + | + | EAR | Increase in sputum eosino and basophils after SIC |
| Rhodium | [40] | Electroplating plant | 1 | A, R | + | − | + | ND | + | EAR | |
| Stellite | [41] | Machine manufacture | 1 | A | − | ND | + | + | + | DAR | |
| Iron (fumes) | [42] | Welding | 3 | A (3/3) | ND | ND | + (3/3) | + (1/3) | + (3/3) | DAR (1/3) AAR (2/3) | Increase in sputum neutrophils after SIC (3/3) |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 4 | 6 | A 6/R 1/D 0 | 1/3 | 0/1 | 6/6 | 3/5 | 6/6 | EAR 2/DAR 2/AAR 2 | |||
|
| |||||||||||
| Chemicals | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Uronium salts | [43] | Peptides synthesis lab | 1 | A, R | + | − | + | ND | + | EAR | Increase in sputum eosino after SIC |
| Dodecanedioic acid gel flux | [44] | Electronics company | 1 | A, R | ND | ND | + | + | + | EAR | Low eNO level before SIC |
| Adipic acid flux | [45] | Soldering | 1 | A | ND | ND | + | + | + | LAR | |
| 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole | [46] | Production of herbicides | 6 | A (6/6), R (6/6) | ND | ND | + (6/6) | + (3/4) | ND | NA | |
| Sodium disulphite | [47] | Lobster fishing | 1 | A | − | − | + | + | + | EAR | |
| Tetramethrin | [48] | Insect extermination firm | 1 | A | − | ND | + | ND | + | DAR | |
| Eugenol | [49] | Hairdressing salon | 1 | A, R, D | − | ND | + | ND | + | LAR | Increase in sputum eosino and lymphocytes after SIC |
| Artificial flavour | [50] | Popcorn popping company | 3 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | NA | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 8 | 15 | A 15/R 9/D1 | 1/4 | 0/2 | 12/12 | 6/7 | 6/6 | EAR 3/LAR 2/DAR 1 | |||
|
| |||||||||||
| Biocides | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Nitrogen trichloride | [51] | Swimming-pool | 3 | A | ND | ND | + (1/3) | + (2/3) | + (3/3) | EAR (2/3) DAR (1/3) | NSBR negative before SIC in 1 subject and negative before and after SIC in another subject |
| PA-HP | [52] | Endoscopic unit | 2 | A (2/2), R (2/2) | ND | ND | + (2/2) | + (1/1) | + (1/1) | LAR | Increase in sputum eosino after SIC (1/1) |
| Ortho-phthalaldehyde | [53] | Endoscopic unit | 1 | A, D | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | NA | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 3 | 6 | A 6/R 2/D1 | ND | ND | 3/5 | 3/4 | 4/4 | EAR 2/LAR 1/DAR 1 | |||
|
| |||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Fluazinam | [54] | Fungicides manufacture | 1 | A | ND | ND | + | + | + | LAR | |
| Chlorothalonil | [54] | Fungicides manufacture | 1 | A | ND | ND | − | + | + | LAR | NSBR negative before SIC and borderline after SIC |
| Chlorendic anhydride | [55] | Mechanic work | 1 | A, D | + | + | ND | + | ND | NA | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 3 | 3 | A 3/R 0/D1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 3/3 | 2/2 | LAR 2 | |||
|
| |||||||||||
| Total: 41 | 62 | A 62/R 33/D 4 | 12/26 | 10/22 | 45/52 | 24/29 | 47/48 | EAR 22/LAR 14/DAR 7/AAR 3/NS 1/47 | |||
Legend: A: asthma, R: rhinitis, D: dermatitis; U: urticaria; AR: anaphylactic reaction; PEF: peak expiratory flow, SIC: specific inhalation challenge SPT: skin prick test, IgE: specific immunoglobulin E, NSBR: nonspecific bronchial responsiveness EARs: early asthmatic reaction, LAR: late asthmatic reaction, DAR: dual asthmatic reaction, AAR: atypical asthmatic reaction ND: not done, NA: not available, NS: not specified, eosino: eosinophils, 7-ACSA: 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, 7-TACA: 7-amino-3-thiomethyl-3-cephalosporanic acid, 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid, PA-PH: peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxyde mixture, BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage, eNO: exhaled nitric oxyde, IgG: immunoglobulin G.