Table 1.

Response of NK cells to TLR agonists and other PAMPs.

Bacteria or bacterial PAMPs	PRRs	Experimental settings	Species	Nature of NK cell activation	Reference
Legionella pneumophila	ND	MØ or IL-2	m	Cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production	Blanchard et al. Infect Immun., 1988, 56, 1187a
LPS	ND	PBMC	h	Cytotoxicity	Conti et al. J. Immunol. 1991, 73, 450
S. aureus	ND	PBMC	h	CD25 and CD69 expression, IFN-γ production	Yoshihara et al. Infect. Immun. 1993, 61, 3117
L. monocytogenes	ND	SCID splenocytes + peritoneal MØ	m	IFN-γ production	Tripp et al. PNAS 1993, 90, 3725
Mycobacterium bovis BCG	ND	Spleen cells	m	IFN-γ production	Yang et al. J. Immunol. 1995, 155, 5728
E. coli DNA	ND	in vivo	m	IFN-γ production	Cowdery et al. J. Immunol. 1996, 156, 4570
E. coli DNA	ND	+ MØ or IL-12	m	IFN-γ production	Chace et al. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1997, 84, 185
LPS	ND	in vivo	m	IFN-γ production	Nguyen et al. J. Immunol. 1999, 162, 5238
E. coli, Lactobacillus	ND	+ MØ	h	CD25 and CD69 expression, IFN-γ production, proliferation	Haller et al. Infect. Immun. 2000, 68, 752
CgG oligonucleotide	TLR9	pDC or pDC supernatant	h	CD69 expression	Hornung et al. J. Immunol. 2002, 168, 4531
Poly(I:C)	TLR3	IL-2 or IL-12	h	Cytotoxicity, CXCL10 and IFN-γ production	Pisegna et al. Blood. 2004, 104, 4157
K. pneumoniae OmpA, flagellin	TLR2 and TLR5	± IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IFN-α	h	IFN-γ and α-defensin production	Chalifur et al. Blood. 2004, 104, 1778
Poly(I:C) and CpG	TLR3 and TLR9	+ IL-12 or IL-8	h	CD69 and CD25 expression, cytotoxity, IFN-γ and TNF production	Sivori et al. PNAS. 2004, 101, 10116
L. monocytogenes	ND	in vivo	m	IFN-γ production	Thäle et al. Immunobiology. 2005, 210, 673
H. pylori lysates	ND	IL-12	h	IFN-γ production	Yun et al. Infect. Immun. 2005, 73, 1482
Flagellin	ND	in vivo, in vitro ± DC	m	CD69 expression, IFN-γ production proliferation	Tsujimoto et al. J. Leuk. Biol. 2005, 78, 888
Secreted mycobacterial (proteins ESAT-6 and MPP14)	ND	Bovine whole blood or PBMC	b	IFN-γ production	Olsen et al. Infect. Immun. 2005, 73, 5628
Peptidoglycan, poly(I:C) LPS, flagellin	TLR2, -3, -4, -5	IL-2	h	IFN-γ production and cytotoxity	Lauzon et al. Cell. Immunol. 2006, 241, 102
Lactobacillus casei	ND	+ MØ or IL-12	h	Cytotoxicity	Takeda et al. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2006, 146, 109
Poly(I:C), loxoribine	TLR3 and TLR7	IL-12	h	IFN-γ production and cytotoxity	Girart et al. J. Immunol. 2007, 179, 3472
Peptidoglycan, poly(I:C) (loxoribine)	TLR2, -3 and -7	IL-12	m	IFN-γ production and cytotoxity	Sawaki et al. Int. Immunol. 2007, 19, 311
M. tuberculosis	TLR2 + TLR4	IL-12 + APC contact	h	IFN-γ production	Schierloh et al. Infect. Immun. 2007, 75, 5325
M. bovis	TLR2	± IL-12	h	CD69 and CD25 expression, IFN-γ and TNF production	Marcenaro et al. Int. Immunol. 2008, 20, 1155
MDP	NOD2	IL-12 or IFN-α	h	CD69 expression, IFN-γ production	Athie-Morales et al. J. Immunol. 2010, 185, 2080
CgG oligonucleotide	TLR9	Infected MØ	m	Control of intracellular bacterial growth	Elkins et al. Microbes Infect. 2009, 11, 49
Poly(I:C)	RIG-like receptor not TLR3	IL-12 and IFN-α	h	IFN-γ production and cytotoxity	Perrot et al. J. Immunol. 2010, 185, 1379
E. coli Fimbriae FimH	TLR4 agonist	IL-2	m and h	CD69 expression, cytotoxity and IFN-γ production	Mian et al. Mol. Ther. 2010, 18, 1379
H. pylori (HpaA lipoprotein)	TLR2	IL-12	h	IFN-γ production	Lindgren et al. Innate Immun. 2010, 17, 191
Diacyl lipopeptide	TLR2	+ BMDC contact	m	IFN-γ production and cytotoxity	Azuma et al. PLoS One. 2010, 5, e12550
Lactobacillus acidophilus	ND	PBMC	h	Cytotoxicity and granule exocytosis	Cheon et al. Immunol. Lett. 2011, 136, 171

ND, not determined; PBMC, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; MØ, monocytes or macrophages; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells; APC, antigen presenting cells; BMDC, bone marrow derived dendritic cells; b, bovine; h, human; m, murine.

^aThe second number in each reference citation indicates the volume; the last number indicates the beginning page number.