Table 1.
Study Sample Characteristics: Individuals for whom Transitions Data, including Death, was Obtained at Follow-up 1
| Baseline Characteristics | Mexican Americans (n = 312) | European Americans (n = 285) | Total (n = 597)* | P-value for Ethnic Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n(%) or mean(SD)† | n(%) or mean(SD)† | n(%) or mean(SD)† | ||
| Age, years (range: 65–80) | 69.1 (3.2) | 70.2 (3.5) | 69.6 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Female | 172 (55.1) | 157 (55.1) | 329 (55.1) | 0.992 |
| Hypertension | 148 (47.4) | 144 (50.5) | 292 (48.9) | 0.451 |
| Stroke | 34 (11.0) | 18 (6.4) | 52 (8.8) | 0.046 |
| Arthritis | 134 (43.1) | 135 (47.7) | 269 (45.3) | 0.259 |
| Ischemic heart disease (self-report) | 23 (7.4) | 20 (7.0) | 43 (7.3) | 0.851 |
| Ischemic heart disease (ECG-defined) | 45 (14.5) | 46 (16.1) | 91 (15.3) | 0.571 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0.295 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 583) | 93 (30.7) | 104 (37.1) | 197 (33.8) | 0.100 |
| Diabetes (n = 532) | 99 (33.9) | 25 (10.4) | 124 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes with complications ‡ (n = 449) | 34 (15.0) | 7 (3.2) | 41 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive impairment¶ | 9 (2.9) | 1 (0.4) | 10 (1.7) | 0.016 |
| Comorbidity§ (n = 571) | 112 (36.8) | 120 (44.9) | 232 (40.6) | 0.049 |
| Comorbidity, score (range: 0–5) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.0) | 0.122 |
| Income,# category (range: 1–15) | 10.7 (3.1) | 12.9 (2.3) | 11.8 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Education, years (range: 0–23) | 9.4 (4.5) | 13.4 (2.6) | 11.3 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Frailty Characteristics | ||||
| Weakness (n = 592) | 78 (25.2) | 39 (13.8) | 117 (19.8) | 0.001 |
| Slowness (n = 596) | 71 (22.8) | 44 (15.5) | 115 (19.3) | 0.025 |
| Exhaustion (n = 582) | 71 (23.4) | 100 (36.0) | 171 (29.4) | 0.001 |
| Weight Loss (n = 568) | 45 (15.5) | 35 (12.6) | 80 (13.4) | 0.333 |
| Low Physical Activity (n = 590) | 70 (22.7) | 43 (15.3) | 113 (19.2) | 0.021 |
| Frailty, Ordinal Trichotomous (n = 559) | 0.054 | |||
| Non-frail | 102 (35.3) | 107 (52.6) | 209 (37.4) | |
| Pre-frail | 152 (52.6) | 146 (54.1) | 298 (53.3) | |
| Frail | 35 (12.1) | 17 (6.3) | 52 (9.3) | |
Sample size of 597 includes individuals who were not missing information for all five frailty characteristics at baseline or follow-up, and whose transition could be classified in at least one frailty characteristic at baseline and follow-up. Sample size may be lower for individual baseline characteristics due to missing data; in this case, the sample size is listed next to the characteristic.
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation
Diabetes with complications was defined as the presence of diabetes (defined by American Diabetes Association criteria) as well as the presence of stroke (defined by self-report of physician-diagnosed disease) or ischemic heart disease, either self-reported (assessed by Rose questionnaire) or ECG-defined.
Comorbidity defined as presence of two or more of seven chronic conditions, including angina, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, arthritis, and cancer (non-skin). Comorbidity score is a sum of the number of these chronic diseases present.
Cognitive impairment was defined as Mini Mental State Examination score of less than 18.
Monthly household income categories: 1=$0–49, 2=$50–99, 3=$100–149, 4=$150–199, 5=$200–299, 6=$300–399, 7=$400–499, 8=$500–749, 9=$750–999, 10=$1000–1249, 11=$1250–1499, 12=$1500–1999, 13=$2000–2499, 14=$2500–2999, 15=$3000+. Dollar equivalents of annual household incomes are: 10=$13,500, 11=$16,500, 12=$21,000, 13=$27,000.