Table 4.
Odds ratios of frailty worsening (vs. remaining unchanged or improving) in multivariate models using generalized estimating equations.*
| N = 597 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variables | OR† (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Grip Strength | 0.56 (0.47–0.66) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.21–0.43) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.19–0.41) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.19–0.41) | <0.001 |
| Walking Speed | 0.65 (0.55–0.77) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.27–0.56) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.27–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.27–0.58) | <0.001 |
| Exhaustion | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) | 0.001 | 0.57 (0.41–0.81) | 0.001 | 0.54 (0.37–0.78) | 0.001 | 0.54 (0.37–0.78) | 0.001 |
| Physical Activity | 0.59 (0.49–0.7) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.25–0.51) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.25–0.52) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.25–0.52) | <0.001 |
| Weight Loss | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Predictor Variables | ||||||||
| Ethnicity (MA vs. EA) | 1.05 (0.82–1.36) | 0.68 | 0.78 (0.56–1.07) | 0.09 | 0.76 (0.56–1.05) | 0.09 | ||
| Age (years) | 1.04 (1–1.08) | 0.05 | 1.04 (1.0–1.08) | 0.06 | 1.04 (1.0–1.08) | 0.06 | ||
| Sex (male vs. female) | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 0.42 | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | 0.23 | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) | 0.19 | ||
| Follow-up interval (years) | 1.39 (1.26–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.17–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.17–1.46) | <0.001 | ||
| Income‡ (1-category increment) | 0.95 (0.9–1.01) | 0.09 | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.11 | ||||
| Education (1-year increment) | 0.96 (0.93–1.0) | 0.04 | 0.96 (0.93–1.0) | 0.04 | ||||
| Comorbidity (not including diabetes) | 1.30 (0.99–1.71) | 0.06 | 1.26 (0.95–1.67) | 0.11 | ||||
| Diabetes (yes vs. no) | 1.38 (1.0–1.91) | 0.05 | ||||||
| Diabetes, no complications (vs. no diabetes) | 1.25 (0.88–1.79) | 0.21 | ||||||
| Diabetes, with complications§ (vs. no diabetes) | 1.84 (1.02–3.33) | 0.04 | ||||||
The GEE analysis includes all subjects whose change in at least one of the five frailty characteristics can be determined.
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, vs. = versus.
Monthly household income categories: 1=$0–49, 2=$50–99, 3=$100–149, 4=$150–199, 5=$200–299, 6=$300–399, 7=$400–499,
8=$500–749, 9=$750–999, 10=$1000–1249, 11=$1250–1499, 12=$1500–1999, 13=$2000–2499, 14=$2500–2999, 15=$3000+.
Diabetes with complications was defined as the presence of diabetes (defined by American Diabetes Association criteria) as well as the presence of stroke (defined by self-report of physician-diagnosed disease) or ischemic heart disease, either self-reported (assessed by Rose questionnaire) or ECG-defined.