Figure 4.

Activity in ACC is stronger on trials after errors in reward prediction. a-b, Histogram represents firing of one neuron during the first 10 (dark gray) and last 10 (light gray) trials after up- and down-shifts in value aligned on odor onset. c, Heat plot shows the average firing, of the same neuron, across shifts during the first and last 10 trials after reward contingencies change. d, Average normalized neural activity for all task-related neurons (odor onset to fluid well entry) comparing the first 10 trials in all blocks (early; solid black) to the last 10 trials in all blocks (late; dashed gray). e, Distribution reflecting the difference in task related firing rate between early and late in a trial block (early-late)/(early+late) following either up-shifts (top) or down-shifts (bottom). f, Correlation between light-on latency (house light on until nose poke; y-axis) and firing rate (x-axis) either early or late within a block ((early-late)/(early+late)). N = 4 rats. Figure adapted from Bryden and Roesch (Bryden et al., in press).