TABLE 1.

Demographic and Psychological Difficulty Measures: Sources and Cronbach’s Alphas

Domain/Scale and number of items	Cronhach’s Alpha	Source	Sample Item
Independent variables
Demographic
Gender	NA		1: Female, 2: Male
Age	NA		Age at Time 4
Ethnicity	NA		Are you Hispanic? (1: AA, 2: PR)
Socioeconomic status – 5 items	NA		Combination of education level and job status of parents
Psychological Difficulty: Antisocial behavior
Risk taking – 8 items	.75	Jackson (41)	Do you like to live dangerously?
Rebellion – 3 items	.68	Smith & Fogg (42)	Do you enjoy doing things you shouldn’t, just for the fun of it?
Psychological Difficulty: Poor self-control
Impulsivity – 4 items	.66	Jackson (41); Brook, Brook, Gordon, Whiteman & Cohen (10)	Do you often act on the spur of the moment without stopping to think?
Psychological Difficulty: Internalizing problems
Depression – 8 items	.83	Derogatis (43)	Do you sometimes feel unhappy, sad, or depressed?
Anxiety – 3 items	.76	Derogatis (43)	Over the last few years, how much were you bothered by feeling fearful?
Interpersonal hypersensitivity* - 4 items	.72	Derogatis (43)	Over the last few years, how much were you bothered by feeling easily annoyed or irritated?

^*Interpersonal hypersensitivity was originally named interpersonal sensitivity in the source material.

Note 1. The alphas are estimated from our data.

2. AA=African American, PR=Puerto Rican