TABLE 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of 84,085 women in the Nurses’ Health Study, 1980–2008
| Low-calorie soda consumption |
Sugar-sweetened soda consumption |
|||||||
| None | None up to once per week | Once per week up to once per day | Once per day or more | None | None up to once per week | Once per week up to once per day | Once per day or more | |
| Age (y) | 58 ± 111 | 59 ± 11 | 58 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 | 59 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 | 58 ± 10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 ± 3 | 25 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | 28 ± 6 | 26 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | 26 ± 5 | 26 ± 6 |
| Current smoker (%) | 22 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 13 | 15 | 23 |
| Family history of early coronary artery disease (%) | 17 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 |
| History of high blood pressure (%) | 30 | 33 | 37 | 42 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 39 |
| History of high cholesterol (%) | 30 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 35 | 40 | 40 | 39 |
| Weight change before onset of follow-up, 1976–1980 (kg) | 0.75 ± 3.7 | 0.88 ± 3.9 | 1.02 ± 4.1 | 1.11 ± 4.8 | 0.80 ± 4.2 | 0.88 ± 3.8 | 1.06 ± 4.1 | 1.27 ± 4.6 |
| Physical activity (METs2/wk) | 17 ± 23 | 18 ± 22 | 18 ± 22 | 17 ± 23 | 19 ± 24 | 18 ± 21 | 16 ± 21 | 14 ± 21 |
| Aspirin use at least once per week (%) | 27 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 27 |
| Vitamin E use (%) | 20 | 25 | 25 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 21 | 16 |
| Current hormone use (%) | 20 | 26 | 27 | 25 | 24 | 27 | 24 | 20 |
| Dietary intake (servings/d) | ||||||||
| Red meat | 1.16 ± 0.69 | 1.04 ± 0.58 | 1.05 ± 0.57 | 1.10 ± 0.61 | 0.98 ± 0.62 | 1.03 ± 0.56 | 1.20 ± 0.62 | 1.36 ± 0.71 |
| Poultry | 0.27 ± 0.19 | 0.30 ± 0.17 | 0.33 ± 0.19 | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.33 ± 0.21 | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.30 ± 0.19 | 0.29 ± 0.20 |
| Fish | 0.19 ± 0.15 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | 0.27 ± 0.20 | 0.26 ± 0.20 | 0.24 ± 0.17 | 0.21 ± 0.15 | 0.18 ± 0.15 |
| Whole-fat dairy | 1.56 ± 1.32 | 1.29 ± 1.03 | 1.21 ± 0.96 | 1.23 ± 1.01 | 1.18 ± 1.05 | 1.28 ± 1.03 | 1.47 ± 1.15 | 1.67 ± 1.37 |
| Low-fat dairy | 0.85 ± 0.87 | 1.01 ± 0.82 | 1.04 ± 0.81 | 1.00 ± 0.82 | 1.06 ± 0.88 | 1.03 ± 0.81 | 0.88 ± 0.79 | 0.67 ± 0.76 |
| Nuts | 0.14 ± 0.24 | 0.13 ± 0.19 | 0.13 ± 0.18 | 0.13 ± 0.21 | 0.14 ± 0.24 | 0.13 ± 0.19 | 0.13 ± 0.19 | 0.13 ± 0.20 |
| Fruit and vegetables | 4.53 ± 2.19 | 4.78 ± 2.07 | 4.85 ± 2.04 | 4.79 ± 2.15 | 4.89 ± 2.19 | 4.84 ± 2.08 | 4.60 ± 2.06 | 4.10 ± 2.08 |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 6.0 ± 10.5 | 5.3 ± 9.6 | 5.7 ± 9.8 | 6.0 ± 10.5 | 7.0 ± 11.2 | 5.5 ± 9.6 | 5.1 ± 9.3 | 4.9 ± 10.1 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1691 ± 467 | 1673 ± 432 | 1661 ± 428 | 1662 ± 452 | 1541 ± 421 | 1658 ± 412 | 1772 ± 447 | 1907 ± 496 |
| Cereal fiber intake (g/d)3 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 2.2 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.6 |
| trans Fatty acid intake (g/d)3 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 0.96 | 3.3 ± 1.01 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.0 |
1
Values are means ± SDs and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
2
METs, metabolic equivalent tasks.
3
Cereal fiber and trans fatty acid intakes were calorie-adjusted by the residual method.