TABLE 3.
RRs (and 95% CIs) for stroke associated with soda consumption among 43,371 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and 84,085 women in the Nurses’ Health Study1
| Servings |
||||||
| None | None up to once per week | Once per week up to once per day | Once per day or more | P-trend2 | RR for 1 serving/d | |
| Sugar-sweetened soda | ||||||
| Men | ||||||
| Cases | 464 | 381 | 499 | 72 | ||
| Person-years | 259,630 | 204,418 | 323,569 | 54,153 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.18 (0.92, 1.53) | 0.11 | 1.16 (0.97, 1.40) |
| Multivariate3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.40) | 0.43 | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) |
| Multivariate4 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.41) | 0.43 | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases | 918 | 950 | 896 | 174 | ||
| Person-years | 717,209 | 632,223 | 693,974 | 144,825 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | 1.17 (1.07, 1.29) | 1.47 (1.25, 1.74) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.21, 1.49) |
| Multivariate3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.24) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.48) | 0.004 | 1.17 (1.05, 1.30) |
| Multivariate4 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.22) | 1.19 (1.00, 1.42) | 0.02 | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) |
| Pooled5 | ||||||
| Multivariate4 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.34) | 0.02 | 1.12 (1.02, 1.24) |
| Low-calorie soda | ||||||
| Men | ||||||
| Cases | 459 | 246 | 509 | 202 | ||
| Person-years | 271,527 | 130,815 | 294,173 | 145,255 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.77, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 0.04 | 1.11 (1.00, 1.23) |
| Multivariate3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) | 0.03 | 1.12 (1.01, 1.24) |
| Multivariate4 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 0.13 | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) |
| Multivariate6 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30) | 0.18 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases | 797 | 504 | 1069 | 568 | ||
| Person-years | 655,418 | 328,868 | 758,680 | 445,264 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.04, 1.17) |
| Multivariate3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) |
| Multivariate4 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 1.10 (1.00, 1.22) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.33) | 0.003 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) |
| Multivariate6 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.21) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) | 0.007 | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16) |
| Pooled5 | ||||||
| Multivariate4 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.16 (1.05,1.28) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.04,1.15) |
The Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression model is stratified on age (mo) and calendar time (11 time periods for the Health Professionals Follow-up Study; 13 for the Nurses’ Health Study) and includes intakes of red meat, poultry, fish, nuts, whole- and low-fat dairy products, and fruit and vegetables (all in quintiles of servings/d); cereal fiber (quintiles of g/d); alcohol intake (quintiles of g/d); trans fat intake (quintiles of g/d); cigarette smoking [never, past, or current (1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/d)]; parental history of early myocardial infarction (before age 60 y); multivitamin use (quintiles of years); aspirin use at least once per week (yes or no); vitamin E supplement use (yes or no); menopausal status in women (premenopausal, postmenopausal with no history of hormone replacement, postmenopausal with a history of hormone replacement, or postmenopausal with current hormone replacement); and physical exercise (<3, 3 to <9, 9 to <18, 18 to <27, or ≥27 metabolic equivalent tasks/wk); both sugar-sweetened and low-calorie sodas are included in the model.
Calculated by assigning median values to each quartile and treating them as a continuous variable.
Multivariate model without adjustment for BMI or energy intake.
Multivariate model with BMI (10 categories) and energy intake (quintiles of kcal/d).
Results from the multivariate model4 were combined with the use of a fixed-effects model.
Multivariate model with BMI and energy intake and weight change before 1986 (pounds gained or lost during 5 y before 1986 in men or 4 y before 1980 in women).