Table 1.

Drugs and interventions used to control status epilepticus have anti-inflammatory effects that may result in blood-brain barrier protection/repairing

Therapeutic intervention	Classification/Drug class	Accepted mechanism of action	Anti-inflammatory potency	Predicted or demonstrated effects on BBB integrity	References
Propofol	Anaesthetic
	Short-acting hypnotic agent	GABA	Inhibits NF-κB	Protection/repair	Jaaskelainen et al., 2003; Sanchez-Conde et al., 2008; Schneemilch et al., 2005
Thiopental	Anaesthetic
	Short-acting hypnotic agent	GABA	Inhibits NF-κB	Protection/repair	Roesslein et al., 2008; Schneemilch et al., 2005
Ketamine	Anaesthetic
	Dissociating anaesthetic	NMDA antagonist	Inhibits NF-κB and IL-1β, TNF-α surge	Protection/repair	Beilin et al., 2007; Welters et al., 2010, 2011;
Magnesium	Electrolyte
		NMDA blocker	NA	Restores NMDA receptor blockade after BBB disruption	Amtorp and Sorensen, 1974; Heath and Vink, 1998
Vagal nerve stimulator	Device
		Unknown	Nicotinic receptors Ghrelin	Protection/repair	Cheyuo et al., 2011; Rosas-Ballina and Tracey, 2009; Rosas-Ballina et al., 2011
Ketogenic diet	Dietary regimen
		Unknown	NA	Protection/repair	Janigro, 1999; Nabbout et al., 2011
Hypothermia	Medical management
		Unknown	Inhibits NF-κB	Protection/repair	Oztas and Kaya, 1994; Polderman, 2009; Webster et al., 2009
Cortico-steroids	Anti-inflammatory agents
		Immunodepression	Similar to NFκB inhibition	Protection/repair	Marchi et al., 2009, 2011

BBB = blood–brain barrier; NMDA = N-methyl-d-aspartic acid; Nf-κb = nuclear factor kappa B; IL = interleukin; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; NA = not available.