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(A) Pristine graphite; (B) dry ice (solid phase CO2); (C) edge-carboxylated graphite (ECG) prepared by ball milling for 48 h; (D) a schematic representation of physical cracking and edge-carboxylation of graphite by ball milling in the presence of dry ice, and protonation through subsequent exposure to air moisture. Detailed proposed mechanism is presented in Fig. S2.
