Table 1. Sites of HPV-associated cancers: Proportion of cancer due to HPV, presence of HPV-induced precancer, screening modality, and HPV vaccine efficacy.
| Cancer site | % attributable to HPV infection | HPV-induced premalignant lesion | Screening modality | Vaccine efficacy against persistent HPV16/18 infectiona | Vaccine efficacy against HPV16/18-associated premalignant lesionsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cervix | 100 | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | Cytology, colposcopy, primary screening through HPV cotesting | 91%–94% | 93%–98% |
| Anus | 90 | Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) | Cytology, high-resolution anoscopy | 95% | 78% |
| Penis | 40 | Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) | Cytology/histology | 90% | 90%b |
| Vagina | 40 | Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) | Cytology/histology | ? | 100% |
| Vulva | 40 | Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) | Cytology/histology | ? | 100% |
| Oropharynx | 12–72 | ? | ? | ? | ? |
a
In an according-to-protocol or per-protocol susceptible analytic cohort, which is typically restricted to individuals who were HPV DNA negative and seronegative at baseline and through the vaccination phase.
b
Against a composite endpoint of penile, perianal, or perineal intraepithelial neoplasia.