Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of categorical perioperative variables of mares with dystocia that died or survived
| Total | Alive | Dead | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%a) | n | %b | n | %b | |
| Demographic data | |||||
| Breed typec | |||||
| Hot-blood | 49 (75.4) | 39 | 79.6 | 10 | 20.4 |
| Warm-blood | 4 (6.2) | 3 | 75.0 | 1 | 25.0 |
| Draft | 8 (12.3) | 5 | 62.5 | 3 | 37.5 |
| Miniature | 4 (6.1) | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Preoperative data | |||||
| Foal | |||||
| Dead on arrival | 52 (80.0) | 41 | 78.8 | 11 | 21.2 |
| Alive on arrival | 13 (20.0) | 10 | 77.0 | 3 | 23.0 |
| Time of parturition | |||||
| Early | 16 (44.5) | 12 | 75.0 | 4 | 25.0 |
| On time | 17 (47.2) | 15 | 88.2 | 2 | 11.8 |
| Late | 3 (8.3) | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Fetotomy before GA | |||||
| No | 53 (81.5) | 42 | 79.2 | 11 | 20.8 |
| Yes | 12 (18.5) | 9 | 75.0 | 3 | 25.0 |
| Dehydration on presentation | |||||
| Mild (0%–5%) | 23 (46.9) | 19 | 82.6 | 4 | 17.4 |
| Moderate (6%–8%) | 21 (42.9) | 17 | 81.0 | 4 | 19.0 |
| Severe (> 9%) | 5 (10.2) | 2 | 40.0 | 3 | 60.0 |
| LRS before GA | |||||
| No | 15 (23.1) | 11 | 73.3 | 4 | 26.7 |
| Yes | 50 (76.9) | 40 | 80.0 | 10 | 20.0 |
| Delivery type | |||||
| Controlled vaginal | 13 (20.0) | 12 | 92.3 | 1 | 7.7 |
| Fetotomy under GA | 13 (20.0) | 9 | 69.2 | 4 | 30.8 |
| C-section | 35 (53.8) | 29 | 82.9 | 6 | 17.1 |
| Otherd | 4 (6.2) | 1 | 25.0 | 3 | 75.0 |
| Epidural before GA | |||||
| No | 33 (50.8) | 26 | 78.8 | 7 | 21.2 |
| Yes | 32 (49.2) | 25 | 78.1 | 7 | 21.9 |
| Intraoperative data | |||||
| Anesthetic induction protocol | |||||
| A2/GG/K | 20 (30.8) | 15 | 75.0 | 5 | 25.0 |
| A2/B/GG/K | 6 (9.2) | 6 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| A2/D/K | 5 (7.7) | 3 | 60.0 | 2 | 40.0 |
| A2/B/D/K | 1 (1.5) | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| A2/D/GG/K | 18 (27.7) | 14 | 77.8 | 4 | 22.2 |
| A2/B/D/GG/K | 14 (21.6) | 11 | 78.6 | 3 | 21.4 |
| B/D/Inhalant | 1 (1.5) | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Maintenance protocol | |||||
| Isoflurane only | 37 (56.9) | 30 | 81.1 | 7 | 18.9 |
| Isoflurane + Medetomidine | 12 (18.5) | 9 | 75.0 | 3 | 25.0 |
| Isoflurane + GXK | 6 (9.2) | 4 | 66.7 | 2 | 33.3 |
| GXK only | 2 (3.1) | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Halothane only | 7 (10.8) | 6 | 85.7 | 1 | 14.3 |
| Ketamine only | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| Opioid use | |||||
| No | 28 (43.1) | 22 | 78.6 | 6 | 21.4 |
| Intraoperative | 27 (41.5) | 22 | 81.5 | 5 | 18.5 |
| Recovery | 8 (12.3) | 6 | 75.0 | 2 | 25.0 |
| Both intra-op and recovery | 2 (3.1) | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Lidocaine intraoperative | |||||
| No | 55 (84.6) | 44 | 80.0 | 11 | 20.0 |
| Yes as bolus(es) | 10 (15.4) | 7 | 70.0 | 3 | 30.0 |
| Atracurium intraoperative | |||||
| No | 58 (89.2) | 46 | 79.3 | 12 | 20.7 |
| Yes | 7 (10.8) | 5 | 71.4 | 2 | 28.6 |
| Catecholamine administration | |||||
| No | 10 (15.4) | 9 | 90.0 | 1 | 10.0 |
| Dobutamine | 47 (72.3) | 37 | 78.7 | 10 | 21.3 |
| Dobutamine + other | 8 (12.3) | 5 | 62.5 | 3 | 37.5 |
| Fluids during GA | |||||
| LRS only | 45 (70.3) | 37 | 82.2 | 8 | 17.8 |
| LRS + Dextran or pentastarch | 8 (12.5) | 7 | 87.5 | 1 | 12.5 |
| LRS + Dextran + Plasma/blood | 2 (3.1) | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 |
| LRS + HS | 7 (11.0) | 5 | 71.4 | 2 | 28.6 |
| LRS + Dextran + HS | 2 (3.1) | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Oxytocin administration during GA or recovery | |||||
| No use | 40 (61.5) | 27 | 67.5 | 13 | 32.5 |
| Use | 25 (38.5) | 24 | 96.0 | 1 | 4.0 |
| Hypoxemia based on blood gas | |||||
| No PaO2 > 70 mm Hg | 46 (85.2) | 37 | 80.4 | 9 | 19.6 |
| Yes PaO2 ≤ 70 mm Hg | 8 (14.8) | 6 | 75.0 | 2 | 25.0 |
| Hypercapnia based on blood gas | |||||
| No PaCO2 < 60 mm Hg | 47 (87.0) | 39 | 83.0 | 8 | 17.0 |
| Yes PaCO2 ≥ 60 mm Hg | 7 (13.0) | 4 | 57.1 | 3 | 42.9 |
| Metabolic acidosis | |||||
| No BE ≥ 0 | 10 (18.9) | 10 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Yes BE < 0 | 43 (81.1) | 32 | 74.4 | 11 | 25.6 |
| Calcium administration during GA | |||||
| No | 42 (64.6) | 33 | 78.6 | 9 | 21.4 |
| Yes | 23 (35.4) | 18 | 78.3 | 5 | 21.7 |
| Potassium chloride administration during GA | |||||
| No | 61 (95.3) | 48 | 78.7 | 13 | 21.3 |
| Yes | 3 (4.7) | 2 | 66.7 | 1 | 33.3 |
| Hypotension during GA | |||||
| No (MAP ≥ 60 mmHg) | 36 (63.2) | 31 | 86.1 | 5 | 13.9 |
| Yes (MAP < 60 mmHg) | 21 (36.8) | 14 | 66.7 | 7 | 33.3 |
| Arrhythmias during anesthesia | |||||
| No arrhythmias | 10 (15.6) | 8 | 80.0 | 2 | 20.0 |
| Sinus tachycardia (> 40 bpm) | 51 (79.7) | 41 | 80.4 | 10 | 19.6 |
| Othere | 3 (4.7) | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 |
| Postoperative data | |||||
| Recovery drugs | |||||
| A2 only | 26 (44.8) | 25 | 96.2 | 1 | 3.8 |
| GXK | 2 (3.4) | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| A2/K | 15 (25.9) | 11 | 73.3 | 4 | 26.7 |
| Acepromazine/A2/K | 3 (5.2) | 3 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| None | 12 (20.7) | 11 | 91.7 | 1 | 8.3 |
| Recovery type | |||||
| Unassisted | 44 (78.6) | 39 | 88.6 | 5 | 11.4 |
| Assisted head and tail rope/tilt table | 12 (21.4) | 10 | 83.3 | 2 | 16.7 |
| Recovery score | |||||
| Euthanized during GA | 7 (12.5) | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100 |
| Score 1 | 21 (37.5) | 21 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Score 2 | 10 (17.9) | 10 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Score 3 | 7 (12.5) | 7 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Score 4 | 4 (7.1) | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Otherf | 7 (12.5) | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 100.0 |
| Complications in recovery | |||||
| None | 39 (68.4) | 39 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Wounds or tongue bite | 2 (3.5) | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Focal myositis | 1 (1.7) | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Fracture | 3 (5.3) | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 100.0 |
| Other | 12 (21.1) | 8 | 66.7 | 4 | 33.3 |
| Other | |||||
| Day of the week | |||||
| Weekday | 42 (64.6) | 32 | 76.2 | 10 | 23.8 |
| Weekend day | 23 (35.4) | 19 | 82.6 | 4 | 17.4 |
| Time of the day | |||||
| Morning | 23 (35.4) | 19 | 82.6 | 4 | 17.4 |
| Evening | 16 (24.6) | 12 | 75.0 | 4 | 25.0 |
| Night | 26 (40.0) | 20 | 76.9 | 6 | 23.1 |
Percentage of the total number of animals accounted for the specific variable.
Percentage of the number of animals included in a specific category within the variable.
Breed type: Hot-blood — American Quarter horse, Standardbred, Thoroughbred; Warm-blood — Hanoverian, Trakehner; Draft — Belgian, Clydesdale, Friesian, Percheron; Miniature — Miniature donkey, miniature horse.
Other: fetotomy under GA + caesarean section or re-anesthetized after assisted vaginal delivery.
Other: ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation and/or atrial fibrillation.
Other: score 6 (accident during recovery) or euthanized during recovery due to systemic poor condition.
A2 — alpha 2 adrenergic agonist; GG — guaifenesin; D — diazepam; B — butorphanol; K — ketamine; GXK — guaifenesin + xylazine + ketamine; LRS — lactated Ringer’s solution; HS — hypertonic saline solution; PaO2 — arterial partial pressure of O2; PaCO2 — arterial partial pressure of CO2; BE — base excess; MAP — mean arterial blood pressure. For other abbreviations see legend for Table 1.