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. 2012 Apr 16;443(Pt 3):857–867. doi: 10.1042/BJ20112214

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© 2012 The Author(s) The author(s) has paid for this article to be freely available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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An overview of human PIK3CD promoters identified to date. The top panel shows a schematic representation of the three promoter regions (highlighted with boxes) and their associated exons with 5′ untranslated exons depicted as white boxes and the first protein-coding exon as a black box (not drawn to scale). The bottom panel summarizes the characteristics of each promoter. Promoters 1 and 2 are highly active in leucocytes, whereas promoter region 3 has low basal activity in all cell types which can be further enhanced by TNFα in some cell types.