Table 1.
Descriptions and characteristics of dependent and independent variables
| Measurement | Response categories | T1 | T2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking frequency | 1. Daily | 1. 9.4% | 1. 58.4% |
| 2. Weekly | 2. 3.7% | 2. 13.6% | |
| 3. Monthly | 3. 2.0% | 3. 9.1% | |
| 4. Less than once a month | 4. 1.8% | 4. 3.4% | |
| 5. Only experimented | 5. 6.5% | 5. 15.4% | |
| 6. Never, not even one puff | 6. 76.5% | n.a. | |
| Smoking quantity per week | M = 3.63 | M = 37.15 | |
| SD = 15.10 | SD = 45.76 | ||
| Length of time smoking (years) | M = 3.52 | ||
| SD = 2.37 | |||
| With whom do you live? | 1. Both parents | 1. 84.5% | |
| 2. Mother | 2. 10.6% | ||
| 3. Father | 3. 1.6% | ||
| 4. Other | 4. 3.2% | ||
| Extraversion | 1 'not at all' to 7. 'very much' | M = 4.85 | |
| SD = .92 | |||
| Neuroticism | 1 'not at all' to 7. 'very much' | M = 3.72 | |
| SD = .98 | |||
| Maternal smoking | 1. Smoking mother | 1. 40.5% | |
| 2. No smoking mother | 2. 59.5% | ||
| Paternal smoking | 1. Smoking father | 1. 42.7% | |
| 2. No smoking father | 2. 57.3% | ||
| Number of friends smoking | 1. None | 1. 45.4% | |
| 2. Less than half 3. Half |
2. 35.1% 3. 7.8% |
||
| 4. More than half | 4. 9.8% | ||
| 5. All | 5. 1.5% | ||
| Behavioural aspects of nicotine dependence | |||
| B1: How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette | 1. After 60 minutes | 1. 61.1% | |
| 2. Within 31-60 minutes | 2. 15.8% | ||
| 3. Within 6-30 minutes | 3. 15.7% | ||
| 4. Within 5 minutes | 4. 7.4% | ||
| B2: How many cigarettes do you smoke in a day? | 1. Fewer than 1 a day | 1. 35.3% | |
| 2. About 1-5 a day | 2. 21.5% | ||
| 3. About 6-10 a day | 3. 22.2% | ||
| 4. About 11-20 a day | 4. 17.3% | ||
| 5. About 21-30 a day | 5. 2.3% | ||
| 6. More than 30 a day | 6. 1.4% | ||
| B3: Which cigarette would you hate to give up? | 1. Any other cigarette | 1. 74.0% | |
| 2. First in the morning | 2. 26.0% | ||
| B4. Do you smoke if you are so ill that you are in bed most of the day? | 1. No | 1. 84.4% | |
| 2. Yes | 2. 15.6% | ||
|
Craving C1: Have you ever felt like you were addicted to tobacco? |
1. Never | 1. 33.5% | |
| 2. Seldom | 2. 17.1% | ||
| 3. Sometimes | 3. 30.8% | ||
| 4. Often | 4. 18.5% | ||
| C2: Do you ever have strong cravings to smoke? | 1. Never | 1. 9.4% | |
| 2. Seldom | 2. 19.5% | ||
| 3. Sometimes | 3. 45.6% | ||
| 4. Often | 4. 25.4% | ||
| C3: Have you ever felt like you really needed a cigarette? | 1. Never | 1. 24.5% | |
| 2. Seldom | 2. 20.0% | ||
| 3. Sometimes | 3. 37.5% | ||
| 4. Often | 4. 17.6% | ||
| C/W4: Do you smoke because it is really hard to quit? | 1. No, not at all | 1. 60.7% | |
| 2. A little | 2. 20.6% | ||
| 3. Quite | 3. 14.5% | ||
| 4. Yes, very | 4. 3.7% | ||
| Withdrawal | |||
| W1: Trouble concentrating | 1. Never | 1. 62.9% | |
| 2. Seldom | 2. 17.8% | ||
| 3. Sometimes | 3. 13.3% | ||
| 4. Often | 4. 5.0% | ||
| W2: Feeling irritable or angry | 1. Never | 1. 58.8% | |
| 2. Seldom | 2. 16.3% | ||
| 3. Sometimes | 3. 17.8% | ||
| 4. Often | 4. 6.2% | ||
| W3: Feeling nervous, restless or anxious | 1. Never | 1. 69.6% | |
| 2. Seldom | 2. 17.6% | ||
| 3. Sometimes | 3. 9.1% | ||
| 4. Often | 4. 2.8% |
C/W4 = Do you smoke now because it is really hard to quit? The answer to this item can be regarded as being a result of both craving and withdrawal symptoms