Table 4.
Subjective sleep measures; Mean (SD), Change values and Effect Sizes
| Pre | Post | Fu3 | Change Pre to Post | Change Pre to Fu3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (95% CI) | Effect size (d)a | Mean (95% CI) | Effect size (d) | |
| Insomnia Severity Index | |||||||
| Bibliotherapy with support (n = 44) | 17.5 (3.5) | 7.6 (4.5) | 8.4 (5.1) | -9.9 (-11.3 to -8.5) | -2.46 | -9.1 (-10.7 to -7.5) | -2.08 |
| Bibliotherapy (n = 45) | 16.6 (3.8) | 11.2 (4.2) | 10.4 (4.8) | -5.3 (-6.6 to -4.0) | -1.35 | -6.2 (-7.5 to -4.8) | -1.43 |
| Waiting list control group (n = 44) | 16.7 (3.7) | 15.6 (4.7) | 14.2 (4.7) | -1.1 (-2.2 to 0.0) | -0.26 | -2.5 (-3.5 to -1.5) | -0.59 |
| Sleep Related Behaviours Questionnaire | |||||||
| Bibliotherapy with support (n = 44) | 83.6 (14.5) | 57.8 (16.4) | 58.5 (16.0) | -25.8 (-30.4 to -21.2) | -1.67 | -25.1 (-29.8 to -20.8) | -1.64 |
| Bibliotherapy (n = 45) | 77.1 (12.8) | 66.6 (16.0) | 61.5 (17.5) | -10.5 (-14.1 to -6.9) | -0.72 | -15.6 (-20.5 to -10.7) | -1.02 |
| Waiting list control group (n = 44) | 83.4 (12.8) | 79.5 (13.8) | 76.9 (13.6) | -3.9 (-6.9 to -0.9) | -0.29 | -6.5 (-9.4 to -3.5) | -0.49 |
| Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep | |||||||
| Bibliotherapy with support (n = 44) | 125.2 (31.3) | 58.0 (30.8) | -* | -67.2 (-77.0 to -57.4) | -2.17 | - * | - * |
| Bibliotherapy (n = 45) | 116.0 (31.8) | 85.8 (37.0) | - | -30.1 (-41.4 to -18.9) | -0.88 | - | - |
| Waiting list control group (n = 44) | 133.5 (31.1) | 122.7 (30.7) | - | -10.8 (-16.2 to -5.4) | -0.35 | - | - |
| Bed Time Stress b | |||||||
| Bibliotherapy with support (n = 44) | 1.5 (1.1) | 0.49 (0.74) | 0.55 (0.88) | -1.03 (-1.34 to -0.72) | -1.08 | -0.97 (-1.29 to -0.64) | -0.95 |
| Bibliotherapy (n = 45) | 0.80 (0.92) | 0.68 (0.85) | 0.52 (0.74) | -0.12 (-0.34 to 0.10) | -0.14 | -0.28 (-0.51 to -0.06) | -0.36 |
| Waiting list control group (n = 43) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | -0.05 (-0.33 to 0.22) | -0.09 | -0.08 (-0.33 to 0.16) | -0.09 |
| Sleep Quality c | |||||||
| Bibliotherapy with support (n = 44) | 2.6 (0.66) | 3.6 (0.65) | 3.5 (0.71) | 1.0 (0.75 to 1.2) | 1.53 | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.2) | 1.31 |
| Bibliotherapy (n = 45) | 2.6 (0.53) | 3.1 (0.57) | 3.1 (0.65) | 0.57 (0.39 to 0.75) | 0.91 | 0.53 (0.32 to 0.75) | 0.84 |
| Waiting list control group (n = 43) | 2.9 (0.56) | 3.0 (0.66) | 3.1 (0.61) | 0.11 (-0.07 to 0.28) | 0.16 | 0.20 (0.03 to 0.36) | 0.34 |
Abbreviations: Pre, Pre-treatment assessment; Post, Post-treatment assessment; Fu3, 3-month follow-up assessment,
a Effect sizes calculated within groups, pre-post, and pre-fu3, with pooled SDs. (A negative effect size represents a decrease in the measure, a positive effect size an increase.)
b Scored on a scale 0-5, with 0 indicating no stress at all, and 5 indicating very high stress
c Scored on a scale 1-5, with 1 indicating very poor sleep quality, and 5 indicating very good sleep quality
* DBAS-data missing from 3-month follow-up