Table 2.
Spectrum of current and potential therapeutic cancer vaccine targets*
| Target type | Examples | Selected references |
| Oncoprotein | point mutated: ras, B-raf, frame shift mutations, undefined unique tumor mutations; HER2/neu, MUC-1 C-terminus, p53 | (1,7,8,48,49) |
| Oncofetal antigen | CEA, MUC-1 | (2–4,19,26) |
| Cancer–testes | MAGE-A3, BAGE, SEREX-defined, NY-ESO | (10,50–52) |
| Tissue lineage | PAP, PSA, gp100, tyrosinase, glioma antigen | (5,6,24,25,27,41,44,53) |
| Stem cell/EMT | Brachyury, SOX-2, OCT-4, TERT, CD44high/CD24lo, CD133+ | (54–62) |
| Viral | HPV, HCV | (63,64) |
| Glycopeptides | STn-KLH | (15,16) |
| Antiangiogenic | VEGF-R | (65,66,67) |
| B-cell lymphoma | Anti-id | (11–14) |
*
BAGE = B melanoma antigen; CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; EMT = epithelial–mesenchymal transition; gp100 = glycoprotein 100; HCV = hepatitis C virus; HPV = human papillomavirus; MAGE-A3 = melanoma-associated antigen-A3; MUC-1 = mucin 1; NY-ESO = New York esophageal carcinoma antigen 1; OCT-4 = octamer-binding transcription factor 4; PAP = prostatic acid phosphatase; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; SOX-2 = (sex determining region Y)-box-2; STn-KLH = sialyl-Tn–keyhole limpet hemocyanin; TERT = telomerase reverse transcriptase; VEGF-R = vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.