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Critical buckling loads and the corresponding buckling mode for a microtubule based on the shell model and the beam model. Material parameters are Ex = 7 GPa (10), Es = 1 MPa (22–24,36), G = 12 MPa (19,39), μx = 0.3 (22–24,36), and thickness h = 2 nm (22–24,28). (a) Critical buckling load and (b) number of half-waves at buckling.
