Table A1.
Stimuli used for our experiment.
| List A | English | I | C | M | E | List B | English | I | C | M | E |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Buddha statue | 6.33 | 5.53 | 4.20 | 3.83 |  |
Newspaper | 6.43 | 6.37 | 4.40 | 5.30 |
 |
Park | 6.60 | 6.13 | 5.07 | 5.40 |  |
License | 5.83 | 5.90 | 3.23 | 4.53 |
 |
Sleep | 5.83 | 5.40 | 3.87 | 4.13 |  |
Cigar | 5.83 | 6.40 | 4.33 | 3.53 |
 |
Photo | 6.33 | 6.27 | 3.67 | 5.43 |  |
Oil | 5.80 | 6.33 | 4.67 | 5.40 |
 |
Battery | 6.43 | 6.63 | 3.17 | 4.70 |  |
Coal mine | 5.47 | 6.07 | 4.37 | 3.50 |
 |
Doll | 5.83 | 6.50 | 4.30 | 5.97 |  |
Letter | 6.43 | 6.27 | 4.30 | 5.80 |
 |
Toilet | 6.47 | 6.63 | 3.30 | 4.87 |  |
Test | 6.30 | 5.50 | 4.10 | 4.50 |
 |
Sugar | 6.30 | 6.67 | 4.97 | 5.10 |  |
Hat | 6.33 | 6.60 | 3.80 | 4.47 |
 |
School | 6.40 | 5.73 | 3.97 | 5.73 |  |
Building | 5.87 | 5.83 | 3.57 | 4.87 |
 |
Fertilizer | 5.13 | 5.83 | 3.33 | 3.80 |  |
Novel | 5.87 | 5.90 | 3.40 | 5.40 |
 |
Road | 6.23 | 6.40 | 4.43 | 5.57 |  |
Gem | 5.97 | 5.77 | 4.03 | 5.60 |
 |
Plant | 5.93 | 5.10 | 5.00 | 4.83 |  |
Colonnade | 6.00 | 6.17 | 5.20 | 5.30 |
 |
Movie | 6.37 | 5.83 | 3.60 | 5.50 |  |
Clock | 6.43 | 6.40 | 4.27 | 5.73 |
 |
Theater | 6.30 | 5.87 | 3.80 | 4.77 |  |
Stamp | 6.70 | 6.57 | 3.47 | 5.40 |
 |
Cold water | 5.47 | 6.30 | 3.83 | 4.20 |  |
Cupboard | 6.03 | 6.77 | 3.33 | 3.67 |
 |
Entrance | 6.10 | 6.13 | 3.37 | 3.93 |  |
Sun | 6.47 | 6.43 | 4.67 | 5.87 |
 |
Police | 6.33 | 6.20 | 3.53 | 4.43 |  |
Fruit tree | 5.97 | 5.73 | 4.27 | 3.50 |
 |
Knitting | 5.60 | 6.13 | 3.80 | 2.70 |  |
Stairs | 6.30 | 6.43 | 3.47 | 3.80 |
| Average | 6.11 | 6.07 | 3.94 | 4.72 | Average | 6.11 | 6.19 | 4.05 | 4.79 |
I, imagery; C, concreteness; M, meaningfulness; E, ease of learning.