Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3: rs4994) and BMI and serological and anthropometric data in healthy Japanese. Methods. Healthy Japanese recruited in a large-scale integrated manufacturing facility in Japan (N = 1355; age: 37.25 ± 9.43; BMI: 22.86 ± 3.46) were eligible for analysis. The anthropometric data and serological data were measured during a comprehensive health check, and a self-reporting questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle habits (current exercise, smoking status, alcohol intake, and working style) and weight at age 20. Genotyping for the ADRB3 polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Results. Among 1355 participants, the genotype frequencies of the Trp/Trp, Trp/Arg, and Arg/Arg variants were 920 (67.9%), 394 (29.1%), and 41 (3.05%), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, a multiple linear regression model in men for the adjustment of age, drinking habits, smoking habits, exercise habits, working status and serological measurements statistically showed an overall weak significance between annual BMI gain from age 20 and age, LDL or ADRB3 polymorphism. Conclusions. The level of LDL, age, and ADRB3 polymorphism (Arg/Arg genotype) were statistically associated with annual BMI gain in Japanese men.
1. Introduction
The beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) is primarily expressed in adipose tissue [1] and is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. In 1995, three reports related to the polymorphism of ADRB3 in codon 64 (Trp64Arg: rs4994) were published. They reported that early development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, lower resting metabolic rate, abdominal obesity, and resistance to insulin were associated with persons homozygous for the variant allele (Arg/Arg) compared to those homozygous for the wild-type allele (Trp/Trp) and those heterozygous for the variant allele (Trp/Arg) [2–6]. Piétri-Rouxel et al. showed that in human HEK293 cells with ADRB3 variant allele, the reduction in cAMP accumulation in response to beta3-adrenergic agonists resulted in decreased lipolysis and thermogenesis [7]. Umekawa et al. also showed that ADRB3 variant was associated with lower lipolytic activities in human omental adipocytes [8]. Therefore, an impairment of ADRB3 may lead to obesity through the energy expenditure reduction of fat tissue. This allowed us to accept ADRB3 as a candidate gene for obesity [9, 10].
However, the association between BMI gain and the ADRB3 polymorphism is still controversial. The meta-analyses indicated that there was an association between BMI and the ADRB3 polymorphism among an obese population [11] and among obese and normal populations [12]. Conversely, several studies [13, 14] suggested that there was no association between BMI and the ADRB3 polymorphism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ADRB3 polymorphism on BMI and serological and anthropometric data in healthy Japanese.
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Subjects
The participants were recruited from employees working at a large-scale integrated manufacturing facility in Japan, and their routine medical checkup data were used for the analysis. Of the 1401 participants, only the workers who were out of work or who had serious symptoms were excluded from this study, 1355 agreed to participate in the present study with informed consent, 1074 (77%) were males and 284 (20%) were females. We analyzed the ADRB3 polymorphism, lifestyle habits, and anthropometric data (2 men and a woman had missing data) for the participants. Their ages ranged from 18 to 65 years (mean: 37.3 ± 9.4 years). During a comprehensive health check, the following anthropometric data and serological data were measured: height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), GOT, GPT, γ-GTP, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglyceride. For the lifestyle assessment, current exercise (no, 1-2 days/week, or 3–7 days/week), smoking status (no, 1–20 cigarettes/day, or more than 20 cigarettes/day), alcohol intake (no, sometimes, or every day), working style (having night shift or not), and weight at age 20 were obtained through a self-reporting questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared. We followed the Ethical Guideline for Human Genome/Gene Analysis Research endorsed by the Japanese government. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of University of Miyazaki Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and all subjects provided written informed consent.
2.2. Genotyping
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes by using a DNA Extractor WB Kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). Amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction was carried out to analyze for the Trp64Arg polymorphism with the primer (sense: 5′-CGCCCAATACCGCCAACAC-3′, antisense: 5′-CCACCAGGAGTCCCATCACC-3′) under the same procedure described by Widen et al. with the restriction enzyme Mva I [4]. The amplified fragments of 210 bp were digested with Mva I and analyzed by 3% agarose-gel electrophoresis. The fragment size was judged as the Arg/Arg type if 161 base pairs; the Trp/Trp type if 99 and 62 base pairs; the Trp/Arg type if 161, 99, and 62 base pairs.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables are expressed as numbers counted. All analyses were performed stratified by sex due to the difference in number of male and female participants. The exact test was used to verify Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of genotype frequencies. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used to access the differences among ADRB3 gene polymorphism. Multivariate analysis for adjusting age, sex, current exercise, alcohol intake, working style, and smoking habits was performed by multiple linear regression analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at P < .05. All analyses were performed using R version 2.12.2.
3. Results
Genotyping of the ADRB3 polymorphism in the 1355 participants showed that those homozygous for the wild-type allele (Trp/Trp) were 920 (67.9%), those heterozygous for the variant allele (Arg/Trp) were 394 (29.1%), and those homozygous for the variant allele (Arg/Arg) were 41 (3.0%). These results were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and did not conflict with the results previously reported in another Japanese population (P = .93).
The demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of the participants stratified by the genotype of the ADRB3 polymorphism are presented in Table 1. Among all participants, the mean age was 37.25 ± 9.43 (mean ± SD) and the mean BMI was 22.86 ± 3.46 (mean ± SD). There were no significant differences with age and BMI in each stratified group. We also divided participant data into categories based on sex, smoking status, current exercise, and working style. In each category, the distributions of the genotypes were not different from the results previously reported in another Japanese population.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic information and lifestyle habits stratified by ADRB3 polymorphism.
| Trp64Trp | Trp64Arg | Arg64Arg | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 920 | 394 | 41 | |
| Age | 37.31 ± 9.29 | 37.27 ± 9.66 | 35.61 ± 10.38 | |
| Sex | Male | 719 | 320 | 33 |
| Female | 201 | 74 | 8 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.86 ± 3.49 | 22.91 ± 3.44 | 22.28 ± 2.88 | |
| Smoking status | No | 450 | 191 | 15 |
| ≦20 cigarettes | 381 | 172 | 20 | |
| ≧21 cigarettes | 89 | 31 | 6 | |
| Current exercise | No | 591 | 217 | 25 |
| 1-2 days/week | 261 | 144 | 12 | |
| 3–7 days/week | 68 | 33 | 4 | |
| Working style | Having shift work | 489 | 211 | 25 |
| Not having shift work | 431 | 183 | 16 |
All variables did not associate with the ADRB3 polymorphism.
The serological test results of the participants are shown in Table 2. There was no association between these serological results and the genotype of the ADRB3 polymorphism (ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test).
Table 2.
Serological variables stratified by the ADRB3 polymorphism.
| Trp64Trp | Trp64Arg | Arg64Arg | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.93 ± 14.47 | 122.23 ± 13.82 | 118.24 ± 12.17 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.72 ± 11.17 | 74.27 ± 11.74 | 72.78 ± 8.6 |
| GOT (IU/l) | 21.51 ± 10.52 | 21.37 ± 9.13 | 20.73 ± 8.54 |
| GPT (IU/l) | 29.32 ± 23.91 | 29.47 ± 20.5 | 26.49 ± 16.42 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 111.57 ± 30.64 | 111.85 ± 32.5 | 105.66 ± 27.55 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 58.64 ± 13.79 | 59.54 ± 14.79 | 56.16 ± 11.9 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 139.6 ± 126.84 | 138.48 ± 116.33 | 138.1 ± 84.91 |
No significant difference among the ADRB3 polymorphism was found in each serological variable.
A multiple linear regression model for the adjustment of age, sex, alcohol intake, smoking status, current exercise, working status, LDL, and ADRB3 polymorphism (Table 3) showed an overall weak model for predicting annual BMI gain (the degree of BMI increase) from age 20 per year by age, smoking status, LDL, and Arg/Arg genotype. To avoid the bias caused by the difference in number of male and female participants, data were stratified by sex and analyzed separately. There were statistically significant associations in male between the genotype of the ADRB3 polymorphism, age, and LDL and the annual BMI gain (Table 4), and there was no statistically significant association in female (Table 5).
Table 3.
Multiple regression analysis for annual BMI gain and variables.
| Estimate | SE | t value | Pr(>|t|) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.171 | 0.096 | 1.788 | 0.075 |
| Age | −0.000 | 0.000 | −2.241 | 0.026* |
| Sex | 0.014 | 0.060 | 0.233 | 0.816 |
| Alcohol intake | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.286 | 0.776 |
| Current exercise | −0.000 | 0.028 | −0.338 | 0.736 |
| Working style | 0.013 | 0.037 | 0.359 | 0.720 |
| Smoking status | −0.057 | 0.028 | −2.053 | 0.041* |
| ADRB3 (Trp/Arg) | −0.000 | 0.037 | −0.078 | 0.938 |
| ADRB3 (Arg/Arg) | 0.216 | 0.082 | 2.626 | 0.009** |
| LDL | 0.000 | 0.000 | 3.449 | <0.001** |
From the stepwise multiple regression analysis, age, sex, alcohol intake, current exercise, working style, smoking status, LDL, and the ADRB3 polymorphism were selected for the final model of the predictor of BMI gain, adjusted R 2 = .0796 (F-statistic = 2.874, P < .01).
Table 4.
Multiple regression analysis for annual BMI gain and variables in Japanese men.
| Estimate | SE | t value | Pr(>|t|) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.193 | 0.097 | 1.998 | 0.047* |
| Age | −0.005 | 0.002 | −2.326 | 0.021* |
| Alcohol intake | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.649 | 0.517 |
| Current exercise | 0.002 | 0.027 | 0.067 | 0.947 |
| Working style | 0.001 | 0.038 | 0.015 | 0.988 |
| Smoking status | −0.053 | 0.028 | −1.883 | 0.061 |
| ADRB3 (Trp/Arg) | 0.009 | 0.038 | 0.227 | 0.821 |
| ADRB3 (Arg/Arg) | 0.218 | 0.079 | 2.761 | 0.006** |
| LDL | 0.002 | 0.001 | 3.245 | 0.001** |
From the stepwise multiple regression analysis, age, alcohol intake, current exercise, working style, smoking status, LDL, and the ADRB3 polymorphism were selected for the final model of the predictor of BMI gain, adjusted R 2 = .092 (F-statistic = 3.224, P < .01).
Table 5.
Multiple regression analysis for annual BMI gain and variables in Japanese women.
| Estimate | SE | t value | Pr(>|t|) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | −0.421 | 0.474 | −0.888 | 0.392 |
| Age | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.363 | 0.723 |
| Alcohol intake | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.486 | 0.636 |
| Current exercise | −0.357 | 0.263 | −1.356 | 0.200 |
| Working style | 0.147 | 0.153 | 0.958 | 0.357 |
| Smoking status | 0.057 | 0.183 | 0.309 | 0.763 |
| ADRB3 (Trp/Arg) | 0.127 | 0.256 | 0.497 | 0.628 |
| LDL | 0.005 | 0.003 | 1.746 | 0.106 |
From the stepwise multiple regression analysis, age, alcohol intake, current exercise, working style, smoking status, LDL, and the ADRB3 polymorphism were selected for the final model of the predictor of BMI gain, adjusted R 2 = −.078 (F-statistic = .803, P > .05).
4. Discussion
The effects of ADRB3 polymorphism were reported in 1995 [2–4]. The potential for weight gain among the population having the Trp/Arg mutation of the ADRB3 gene has been suggested [2]. It was thought that the variant allele (Arg/Arg) had lower lipolytic activities and induced heavier weight [15]. In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between annual BMI gain and the ADRB3 polymorphism in Japanese young men who are generally healthy. In the multivariate analysis, the ADRB3 genotype (Arg/Arg), age, and LDL were associated with annual BMI gain. This result indicated that the annual BMI gain was increased with Arg/Arg genotype compared to Trp/Trp genotype, and high LDL was also related to increased annual BMI gain. The high LDL, however, could not be thought to be the cause of the annual BMI gain. Therefore, the high LDL was thought to be a result of increased body weight.
On the other hand, our results indicated that the ADRB3 polymorphism was not associated with current BMI. The relationship between the ADRB3 polymorphism and current BMI has been controversial. Shiwaku et al. [16], Tahara et al. [17], Witchel et al. [18], and Matsushita et al. [14] reported that the ADRB3 polymorphism and BMI have not associated significantly with each other. Conversely, Oizumi et al. [15] pointed out that the Arg/Arg genotype was associated with obesity and current BMI. There were meta-analysis studies concerning the ADRB3 polymorphism and obesity [11, 12] which indicated that Arg/Arg genotype led to increased body weight. These previous studies seem to lead the hypothesis that the ADRB3 polymorphism is associated with current BMI and suggest that the ADRB3 polymorphism could be a genetic predictor of increased body weight. However, there still have been confounding factors that induced obesity and overweight such as lack of exercise, over intake of energy, and predisposition of other genes. These confounders could be one reason why the relationship between the ADRB3 polymorphism and BMI is still controversial.
While Matsuo et al. [19] indicated that BMI for older adults (60–79-year-age group) was higher than that of middle-aged adults (40–59-year-age group), other reports showed that BMI gain is more severe in middle age than old age [20–22]. Berg et al. [20] indicated that the largest increases in obesity and overweight were in young people. On the other hand, the effects of genetic predisposition on difference in body weight might exist to a greater extent among middle aged than older adults [23]. The present study also indicated that annual BMI gain was greater with Arg/Arg genotype compared to Trp/Trp in younger men (the mean age was 37.25 ± 9.43). Matsushita et al. [14] suggested little or no influence of the ADRB3 polymorphism on BMI gain in their report. However their mean age was older than that of the present study. BMI gain (the degree of BMI increase) might be thought to be more suitable to evaluate the relation between the ADRB3 polymorphism and body weight influence, and the time for evaluation of BMI gain related to the ADRB3 polymorphism was more suitable in the younger group.
In the present study, we had some limitations. One of them was that our data might include the information bias because we used the questionnaire to get the weight at age 20. We believed that the body weights in the questionnaire were not so different from true weight at age 20 because many people can remember their weight at age 20. However, caution was needed in evaluating this data for female participants, as women tended to reply lighter weight. Another was the lack of checking the plasma glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin data, even NIDDM was discussed in this article.
Obesity and overweight are associated with incidence of diabetes. The Trp/Arg genotype of the ADRB3 polymorphism has been said to be associated with resistance to insulin and may contribute to the early onset of NIDDM [3, 4]. We have not evaluated the relationship between the incidence of diabetes and the ADRB3 polymorphism. Considering that Sasai et al. [24] showed that the effects of BMI on diabetes mellitus are greater among middle-aged than older adults, and the present result also suggests that the Arg/Arg genotype of ADRB3 polymorphism might be a risk factor for diabetes.
We also have not evaluated the effects of exercise in relation to the ADRB3 polymorphism. The relationship between the ADRB3 polymorphism and BMI change (gain or reduction) with health programs, including training or exercise, has been controversial as well. The resistance to BMI reduction in those who had the variant allele of ADRB3 after exercise or training was suggested by the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat area after a 3-month weight reduction intervention among women in their 40s and 50s [25]. However, no resistance to BMI reduction in peoples who had the variant allele of ADRB3 was reported [17, 26–28]. As an important theme regarding the ADRB3 polymorphism, further investigation into the relationship between ADRB3 and the effects of exercise on obesity is warranted.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, ADRB3 polymorphism and high levels of LDL were associated with annual BMI gain in men. On the other hand, the present study did not indicate the same relationship with ADRB3 polymorphism in women. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism between the ADRB3 polymorphism and annual BMI gain and to evaluate the relationship between the effect of exercise and the ADRB3 polymorphism.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the persons who were involved in the organization of the study and all the participants of the study.
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