Table 1. Major roles of GB in transgenic plants under abiotic stresses*.

Plant species transformed	Gene	Phenotype	Remark	Reference
Arabidopsis thaliana	codA	Tolerance to various abiotic stresses	Protection against damage of membrane, enzyme activity, photosynthesis	25–28
Oryza sativa	codA	Tolerance to salt, cold and drought stress	Protection against damage of membrane, enzyme activity, photosynthesis and yield loss; regulation of ROS detoxification and transcriptome changes	38, 55
Lycopersicon esculentum	codA	Cold, salt and oxidative stress tolerance	Protection of photosynthesis and reproductive organs; increased ROS detoxification	46, 47
Nicotiana tabacum	betA	Tolerance to salt and drought	Protection of photosynthesis	30
	BADH	Tolerance to heat stress	Protection of rubisco activity	69
Triticum aestivum	BADH	Heat and drought tolerance	Protection of photosynthesis	42
Zea mays	betA	Cold and drought tolerance	Protection of photosynthesis and membrane integrity	68
Diospyras kaki	codA	Salt tolerance	Protection of photosynthesis	34
Solanum tuberosum	codA	Tolerance to salt, drought and oxidative stress	Protection of photosynthesis and membrane integrity	41
Gossypium hirsutum	betA	Drought tolerance	Protection of membrane integrity	67

^* GB biosynthetic genes have been introduced in different transgenic plants by several researchers, however, for the sake of brevity, studies commented on role of GB, are listed here. Other studies are mentioned in text. Source of codA gene is Arthrobacter globiformis, while BADH genes are from spinach (ref. 69) and Artiplex (ref. 42). betA, E. coli gene encoding choline dehydrogenase.