Table 1.
Distribution of select characteristics among HIV-infected mothers and their HIV-exposed infants, 1989–2007, Blantyre, Malawi
| Characteristics | ICARM (1989-92) |
PAVE (1992-4) |
PIP (1994-95) |
HPTN (2001-03) |
NVAZ (2000-4) |
PEPI (2004-7) |
P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Mothers | 644 (100.0) | 235 (100.0) | 2103 (100.0) | 414 (100.0) | 2019 (100.0) | 3352 (100.0) | |
| Age – mean ± SE | 24.1 ± 0.2 | 23.6 ± 0.3 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 25.4 ± 0.3 | 24.9 ± 0.1 | 26.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Parity – mean ± SE | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.04 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.03 | 3.3 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||||||
| Married | 597 (92.7) | 219 (93.2) | 1925 (91.6) | 311 (75.1) | 1823 (90.4) | 3072 (91.7) | |
| Other | 47 (7.3) | 16 (6.8) | 177 (8.4) | 103 (24.9) | 193 (9.6) | 280 (8.3) | |
| Education | <0.001 | ||||||
| Grade 1-8 | 460 (71.5) | 154 (65.5) | 1279 (60.8) | 243 (58.7) | 1260 (62.5) | 1781 (53.1) | |
| Form 1-4 | 121 (18.8) | 55 (23.4) | 522 (24.8) | 144 (34.8) | 468 (23.2) | 1211 (36.1) | |
| None or other | 27 (9.6) | 26 (11.1) | 302 (14.4) | 27 (6.5) | 289 (14.3) | 360 (10.7) | |
| Husband’s education | <0.001 | ||||||
| Grade 1-8 | 247 (41.2) | 93 (46.7) | 807 (45.4) | 139 (35.0) | 846 (42.4) | 1099 (33.5) | |
| Form 1-4 | 345 (57.5) | 102 (51.3) | 923 (51.9) | 253 (63.7) | 877 (43.9) | 2093 (63.7) | |
| None or other | 8 (1.3) | 4 (2.0) | 47 (2.6) | 5 (1.3) | 274 (13.7) | 93 (2.8) | |
| SES | <0.001 | ||||||
| Highb | 122 (18.9) | 43 (18.3) | -- | 104 (25.1) | 298 (14.8) | 510 (15.2) | |
| Low | 522 (81.1) | 192 (81.7) | -- | 310 (74.9) | 1720 (85.2) | 2842 (84.8) | |
| BMI – mean ± SE | 22.0 ± 0.1 | 22.9 ± 0.2 | -- | 22.2 ± 0.1 | 22.7 ± 0.1 | 23.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Infants | 656 (100.0) | 244 (100.0) | 2142 (100.0) | 417 (100.0) | 2020 (100.0) | 3395 (100.0) | |
| Gender | 0.88 | ||||||
| Female | 332 (50.9) | 113 (46.3) | 1075 (50.2) | 209 (50.2) | 1020 (50.5) | 1694 (49.9) | |
| Male | 320 (49.1) | 131 (53.7) | 1066 (49.8) | 207 (49.8) | 1000 (22.6) | 1701 (50.1) | |
| Mode of delivery | <0.001 | ||||||
| Cesarean section | 20 (3.1) | -- | 263 (12.3) | 22 (5.3) | 20 (1.0) | 92 (2.7) | |
| Vaginal birth | 629 (96.9) | -- | 1797 (83.9) | 394 (94.7) | 1984 (98.2) | 3274 (96.5) | |
| Other | 0 (0.0) | -- | 81 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (0.8) | 28 (0.8) | |
BMI=body mass index; HIVNET=HIV Network; HPTN=HIV Prevention Trials Network; GA=gestational age; ICAR=International Collaboration for AIDS Research; LBW=low birth weight; NVAZ=Nevirapine and Zidovudine; PAVE=Preparation for AIDS Vaccine Evaluation; PIP= Perinatal Infection Project; PEPI=Post-exposure Prophylaxis of Infants; SE=standard error; SES=socioeconomic status;
a
P values were calculated using the Kruskal Wallis test for continuous data, and the Chi-square test for categorical data
b
Defined as living in a household with both electricity and piped water