Table 2.
Means (SD) of food resources* (count per 100 km secondary and local road within 3 km network buffer around each individual residence)†, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave III (2001–2002) (n=13 995), by urbanicity‡ and neighborhood povertyx {and minority populationx **
| Neighbourhood |
N | Grocery/supermarket | Convenience stores | Fast food | |
| Per cent poverty§¶ within 3 km | Per cent minority population§** within 3 km | ||||
| Non-urban | |||||
| Low | Low | 545 | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.42) | 2.48 (0.47) |
| Medium | 954 | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.07) | 2.04 (0.23) | |
| High | 1024 | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.22 (0.05) | 1.43 (0.24) | |
| High | Low | 715 | 0.33 (0.20) | 2.00 (1.21) | 3.22 (0.53) |
| Medium | 306 | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.08) | 5.03 (0.72) | |
| High | 232 | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.14) | 1.68 (0.91) | |
| Total | 3779 | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.62 (0.27) | 2.33 (0.21) | |
| Low-density urban | |||||
| Low | Low | 1320 | 3.47 (0.39) | 4.57 (0.66) | 5.71 (0.39) |
| Medium | 1757 | 1.90 (0.17) | 2.77 (0.19) | 5.30 (0.21) | |
| High | 2078 | 0.84 (0.15) | 1.55 (0.27) | 4.32 (0.18) | |
| High | Low | 910 | 3.81 (0.58) | 4.20 (0.46) | 6.48 (0.36) |
| Medium | 477 | 2.25 (0.47) | 3.18 (0.43) | 9.40 (0.50) | |
| High | 129 | 1.28 (0.38) | 1.91 (0.45) | 10.31 (1.24) | |
| Total | 6676 | 2.06 (0.22) | 2.86 (0.26) | 5.58 (0.19) | |
| High-density urban | |||||
| Low | Low | 767 | 8.21 (2.96) | 7.47 (0.81) | 6.83 (1.33) |
| Medium | 786 | 8.06 (2.55) | 9.74 (1.12) | 7.32 (1.17) | |
| High | 870 | 7.19 (1.82) | 11.31 (1.85) | 6.71 (0.85) | |
| High | Low | 418 | 15.97 (5.46) | 10.08 (1.80) | 9.70 (2.45) |
| Medium | 400 | 9.70 (4.22) | 9.69 (1.92) | 7.12 (2.13) | |
| High | 307 | 7.09 (1.46) | 9.95 (0.65) | 7.10 (1.20) | |
| Total | 3549 | 8.72 (2.31) | 7.24 (1.08) | 10.18 (1.14) | |
See online appendix A for Standard Industrial Classification codes for grocery/supermarkets, convenience stores and fast food.
Means (SD) corrected for clustering and weighted for representation.
Non-urban: distance to urbanised area (UA) >0; low-density urban: distance to UA=0 and % developed land cover, excluding water and ice (land developed) ≤95%; high-density urban: distance to UA=0 and % land developed >95%.
Census block group.
Greater than 20% of population below the federal poverty level.
Per cent non-Hispanic white population. Non-urban (low: 0%–74.7%, medium: 74.8%–96.3%, high: 96.4%–100%), low-density urban (low: 0%–70.7%, medium: 70.8%–90.5%, high: 90.6%–100%), high-density urban (low: 0%–31%, medium: 31.1%–63.7%, high: 63.8%–100%).