Table 3.
Associations between high neighbourhood poverty* and urbanicity-specific minority composition† and high neighbourhood and food resource‡ availability (β coefficient (95% CI))§ National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave III (2001–2002) (n=13 995), by urbanicity¶
| Food resource (count per 100 km secondary and local road within 3 km network buffer) | Neighbourhood |
Non-urban | Low-density urban | High-density urban | |
| Per cent poverty*** within 3 km | Per cent minority population†** within 3 km | β coefficient (95% CI) | β coefficient (95% CI) | β coefficient (95% CI) | |
| Grocery/supermarket | Low | Low | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Medium | −0.09 (−0.23 to 0.05) | −1.17 (−1.72 to −0.63)†† | −2.11 (−7.54 to 3.31) | ||
| High | −0.13 (−0.28 to 0.01) | −1.76 (−2.39 to −1.13)†† | 1.70 (−2.38 to 5.77) | ||
| High | Low | 0.09 (−0.21 to 0.40) | 0.26 (−0.70 to 1.21) | 8.05 (2.52 to 13.57)‡‡ | |
| Medium | −0.18 (−0.37 to 0.00) | −1.35 (−2.36 to −0.33)†† | 4.96 (−1.74 to 11.65)‡‡ | ||
| High | 0.00 (−0.18 to 0.18)‡‡ | −1.91 (−2.73 to −1.09)†† | −0.72 (−5.68 to 4.24)†† | ||
| Convenience store | Low | Low | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Medium | −0.54 (−1.26 to 0.17) | −1.38 (−2.44 to −0.32)†† | −0.53 (−3.07 to 2.01) | ||
| High | −0.51 (−1.20 to 0.17) | −2.05 (−3.17 to −0.93)†† | 1.56 (−0.41 to 3.53) | ||
| High | Low | 1.01 (−0.69 to 2.71) | −0.43 (−1.69 to 0.84) | 2.89 (0.64 to 5.14)‡‡ | |
| Medium | −0.86 (−1.76 to 0.04)‡‡ | −1.58 (−3.06 to −0.11)†† | 2.19 (−0.92 to 5.31)‡‡ | ||
| High | −0.27 (−0.92 to 0.39) | −2.38 (−3.62 to −1.14)†† | 0.64 (−1.61 to 2.88) | ||
| Fast food | Low | Low | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Medium | −0.68 (−1.37 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.63 to 0.61) | 0.39 (−1.77 to 2.54) | ||
| High | −0.47 (−1.07 to 0.14) | −0.44 (−1.12 to 0.24) | 4.36 (1.44 to 7.28)†† | ||
| High | Low | 0.44 (−0.34 to 1.23) | 0.73 (−0.08 to 1.53) | 4.03 (1.97 to 6.09)‡‡ | |
| Medium | 1.80 (0.75 to 2.86)††‡‡ | 3.47 (2.31 to 4.64)††‡‡ | 4.85 (2.13 to 7.57)‡‡ | ||
| High | 0.82 (−0.62 to 2.26) | 4.87 (2.26 to 7.48)††‡‡ | 1.56 (−1.39 to 4.50) | ||
Greater than 20% of population below the federal poverty level.
Per cent non-Hispanic white population. Non-urban (low: 0%–74.7%, medium: 74.8%–96.3%, high: 96.4%–100%), low-density urban (low: 0%–70.7%, medium: 70.8%–90.5%, high: 90.6%–100%), high-density urban (low: 0%–31%, medium: 31.1%–63.7%, high: 63.8%–100%).
See online appendix A for Standard Industrial Classification codes for grocery/supermarkets, convenience stores and fast food.
Linear regression models, controlling for per cent college educate and population density.
Non-urban: distance to urbanised area (UA) >0; low-density urban: distance to UA=0 and % developed land cover, excluding water and ice (land developed) ≤95%; high-density urban: distance to UA=0 and % land developed >95%.
Census block group.
Statistically different (α=0.05) than low-minority population, within poverty status stratum.
Statistically different (α=0.05) than low-poverty status, within minority population stratum.