Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis factors associated with food insecurity, household dietary diversity and body mass index (BMI)
| Variable | Food insufficiency* |
Household Dietary Diversity Score ≤3† |
BMI‡ ≤18.5 |
|||
| Univariate, OR (95% CI), p value | Multivariate, OR (95% CI), p value | Univariate, OR (95% CI), p value | Multivariate, OR (95% CI), p value | Univariate, OR (95% CI), p value | Multivariate, OR (95% CI), p value | |
| HIV negative | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| HIV positive, CD4 | – | – | – | – | ||
| CD4 >350, cells/μl | 0.69 (0.39 to 1.24) | 0.93 (0.52 to 1.66) | 0.55 (0.26 to 1.18) | 0.55 (0.26 to 1.18) | ||
| CD4 200–350 | 1.14 (0.75 to 1.72) | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.32) | 0.44 (0.26 to 0.77)** | 0.44 (0.26 to 0.77)** | ||
| CD4 <200 | 0.84 (0.56 to 1.26) | 1.03 (0.69 to 1.54) | 0.42 (0.24 to 0.72)** | 0.42 (0.24 to 0.72)** | ||
| Antiretroviral therapy use§ | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.42) | 1.18 (0.80 to 1.73) | 0.64 (0.37 to 1.12) | |||
| Number of people in household | ||||||
| 0–2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 3–5 | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.74) | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.64) | 1.62 (0.92 to 2.86) | |||
| >5 | 1.13 (0.73 to 1.76) | 0.87 (0.56 to 1.35) | 1.15 (0.59 to 2.25) | |||
| Age, years | ||||||
| <30 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 31–40 | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.82) | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.82) | 1.38 (0.70 to 2.73) | |||
| >40 | 1.38 (0.88 to 2.15) | 1.27 (0.81 to 1.99) | 2.27 (1.15 to 4.47) | |||
| Low income, RWF/year | ||||||
| <10 000 | 2.37 (1.47 to 3.81)*** | 2.14 (1.30 to 3.52)** | 7.41 (4.21 to 13.05)*** | 6.51 3.66 to 11.57)*** | 1.77 (0.87 to 3.61) | |
| <10 000–35 000 | 1.66 (1.05 to 2.62)* | 1.52 (0.94 to 2.44) | 3.35 (1.93 to 5.81)*** | 3.07 (1.76 to 5.37)*** | 1.62 (0.81 to 3.24) | |
| >35 000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Illiteracy: can read | ||||||
| None | 2.25 (1.50 to 3.37)*** | 2.00 (1.31 to 3.04)** | 2.61 (1.73 to 3.92)*** | 2.10 (1.37 to 3.23)*** | 1.26 (0.73 to 2.19) | |
| Some | 1.36 (0.95 to 1.94) | 1.24 (0.86 to 1.79) | 1.69 (1.17 to 2.42)** | 1.48 (1.01 to 2.16)* | 1.16 (0.71 to 1.91) | |
| Most or All | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Any vs none | 3.15 (1.96 to 5.08)*** | 3.23 (1.99 to 5.24)*** | 0.64 (0.40 to 1.02) | 0.60 (0.37 to 0.98) | 1.53 (0.87 to 2.70) | |
p Value: **0.001–0.01, ***<0.001.
*
‘Usually not’ or ‘never’ to Do you have enough food? N=302.
†
Household Dietary Diversity Score, N=186.
‡
Body mass index (kg/m2), N=101.
§
Was not considered for multivariate models as it was only defined for HIV-positive women and was never statistically significant in unadjusted models.