Table 1. Community Violence Exposures and HIV-Related Risk Behaviors.

Reference	Purpose/ design	Sample	Results
Albus et al, 2004 [11]	To examine the link between violence exposure and health risk behaviors Cross-sectional	N:167 Age:10-19 years Gender: males and females Ethnicity: majority African American Control variables: age, gender, ethnicity	Knowledge of violence was associated with substance use and sex Victimization was associated with sex.
Berenson et al, 2001 [12]	To examine relationship between violence exposure and health-risk Cross-sectional	N: 517 Age: 9-18 years Gender: girls Ethnicity: 25% White; 42% African American; 30% Hispanic Control variables: race, age, school enrollment, and having repeated a grade	Girls who witnessed violence were 2-3 times more likely than non-exposed peers to report using drugs before sex, and having intercourse with a partner who had multiple partners. Girls who were victims of community violence only were 2-4 times more likely than their peers not exposed to such violence to report early sexual début, sex with strangers, multiple sex partners, and test positive for a STD. Girls who both witnessed and were victims of community violence were 3-6 times more likely than their peers not exposed to such violence to use drugs before sex
Brady, 2006 [13]	To examine the relationship between lifetime community violence exposure and risk behaviors Cross-sectional	N: 319 Age: 18-20years Gender: males and females Ethnicity: majority white Control variables: gender, ethnic minority status, personality characteristics, aggression, family SES, family support, neighborhood collective efficacy	Greater lifetime violence exposure was associated with greater lifetime sexual risk-taking (ever had sex, number of sexual partners, number of partners last 3 months)
Stiffman et al, 1995 [14]	To examine the relationship between personal and environmental factors and changes in HIV risk behaviors Longitudinal	N: 602 Age: 16- 21 Gender: males and females Ethnicity: majority African American Control variables: earlier problem behaviors	Substance use combined with level of community murders predicted increased HIV risk behaviors from adolescence to adulthood Childhood sexual abuse combined with level of community murders predicted increased HIV risk behaviors from adolescence to adulthood
Voisin, 2003 [15]	To examine the relationship between violence victimization and sexual risk behaviors Cross-sectional study	N:120 Age: 14-17 years Gender: males Ethnicity: African American Control variables: SES, household composition, family support, and negative peer influences	Males who were victims of community violence were more likely than peers not exposed to such violence to engage in HIV sexual risk behaviors
Voisin, 2005 [16]	To examine the relationship between community violence and HIV risk behaviors Cross-sectional	N: 409 Age: 14-18 years Gender: males and females Ethnicity: majority African American and Hispanic Control variables: age, family composition, income, parents' education level, self efficacy	Youth exposed to community violence were 3 times more likely to report sex without condoms, sex after drug use, and sex with multiple partners than peers not exposed to such violence
Voisin et al, 2007 [17]	To examine relationship between witnessing community violence exposure and health risk behaviors Cross-sectional	N:550 Age: 14-18 years Gender: males and females Ethnicity: 41% White, 39% African American Control variables: gender, free school lunch, religiosity, family social support, community monitoring	Youth exposed to community violence in the last 12 months prior to being detained, were 1.7 times more likely to have not used a male condom, 1.6 times more likely to be high on alcohol or drugs during sex, and 2.1 times more likely to have sex with a partner who was high on drugs, within the past 2 months prior to being detained