Fig. 1.

Effect of Prenatal Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Treatment on Maternal Behavior at Days P4–P5 During Light Phase (Left Panel) and Dark Phase (Right Panel) (10–12 Dams Per Treatment). (A, B) Frequency of active nursing, passive nursing, and grooming of the pups were calculated over a period of 72 min in observation bins of 3 min. (C, D) Active nursing was further subdivided into 2 categories: high and low arch back nursing and frequency of behaviors was measured for LPS- and saline-treated dams. (E, F) Frequency of dam-related behaviors such as active wandering, passive wandering, and eating/drinking or self-grooming were also compared between 2 prenatal treatment conditions. (G, H) Nest building. Values are presented as means ± standard error of the mean.