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. 2010 Aug 30;38(3):444–456. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq098

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Physical Developmental Milestones and Reflex Development in Pups Exposed to 100 μg/kg Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Saline at Gestational Age 15–16 (Mean of 6 Litters Per Treatment). (A) Grip strength response (I): data presented based on the percentage of pups in each litter that could perform the task; (B) Grip strength response (II): data presented as the time required for each pup to hold the metal bar. LPS-treated pups could suspend themselves for significantly longer time comparing to saline (*P < .05); (C) Righting reflex: based on the time required for each pup to return to its four limbs when it is placed on its back and the mean values were determined for each litter; (D, E) Geotactic reaction and auditory startle: data shown as percentage of pups per litter fully performed the task; and (F) Cliff avoidance: based on the time required for each pup to retract from the edge of a flat surface itself and the mean values were determined for each litter. All values are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (*P < .05 LPS- vs saline-treated offspring).