Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
| Schizophrenia (N = 100) | Normal Controls (N = 100) | Statistics | |
| Age (y) | 43.3 ± 11.4 | 37.1 ± 10.6 | t = 3.99, df = 198, P = .00009 |
| Sex (male) | 71 (71%) | 65 (65%) | χ2 = 0.83, df = 1, P = .36 |
| Race | χ2 = 17.2, df = 2, P = .0002 | ||
| Caucasian | 61 (61%) | 32 (32%) | |
| African American | 37 (37%) | 66 (66%) | |
| Other races | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Level of education (y) | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 11.8 ± 1.8 | t = −0.9, df = 193, P = .39 |
| Marital status | χ2 = 3.2, df = 3, P = .37 | ||
| Presently married | 4 (4%) | 9 (9%) | |
| Widowed | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Divorced/separated | 17 (18%) | 22 (22%) | |
| Single | 73 (77%) | 66 (67%) | |
| Level of family supporta | 63.1 ± 29.7 | 65.9 ± 33.4 | t = 0.63, df = 193, P = .53 |
| Outpatient status (schizophrenia only) | 72 (72%) | N.A. | N.A. |
| FTND (total)b | 5.5 ± 2.0 (N = 72) | 5.3 ± 2.0 | t = −0.5, df = 165, P = .62 |
| Number of cigarettes smoked daily | 17.9 ± 11.6 | 17.0 ± 7.9 | t = −0.67, df = 174, P = .51 |
| Outpatients, N = 72 | 21.4 ± 11.8 | t = 7.91, df = 96, P < .001. | |
| Inpatients, N = 28 | 9.0 ± 3.8 | ||
| Expired COc | 28.0 ± 14.5 | 22.9 ± 8.0 | t = 0.27, df = 1 P = .61 |
| Age at beginning of regular smoking (y) | 16.2 ± 5.4 | 15.6 ± 5.5 | t = −0.78, df = 192, P = .44 |
| Age at first puff (y) | 14.1 ± 4.8 | 13.3 ± 5.1 | t = −1.12, df = 192, P = .27 |
| Age at first whole cigarette (y) | 15.1 ± 4.6 | 15.0 ± 5.0 | t = −0.05, df = 192, P = .96 |
| Self-report health ratingd | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | t = 1.67, df = 196, P = .097 |
| Self-report physical conditiond | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | t = 2.69, df = 196, P = .008 |
| Self-report emotional well-beingd | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | t = 2.07, df = 196, P = .04 |
Note: CO, carbon monoxide; FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. There were no differences in clinical data between inpatients and outpatients except for number of cigarettes per day, noted above. Inpatients were in a volunteer program with smoking and ground privileges.
100 mm visual analog scale (100, fully supportive; 0, no support).
Only applicable to outpatients due to the inability of inpatients to smoke first thing in the morning (questions on dependency relating to morning cigarettes).
Approximately 10–15 minutes after smoking cigarette.
Self-rating item from the Quality of Life Index—Short Version (7 item Delighted–Terrible Scale; 1, terrible; 2, unhappy; 3, mostly dissatisfied; 4, mixed, about equally satisfied and dissatisfied; 5, mostly satisfied; 6, pleased; and 7, delighted).