Figure 4. Effect of PMA on PDAC cell invasion.

A. S2-013 and PANC-1 cells pretreated with or without calphostin C were treated with PMA, and PKC activity was assessed by Western blotting with an anti-phospho-PKC antibody. B. S2-013 and PANC-1 cells treated as in (A) were plated on Matrigel invasion chambers. Invaded cells in four fields per group were counted. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Columns, mean; bars, SD. *p<0.001; **p<0.003 as compared to non-treated control cells. C. S2-013 cells were treated with or without PMA, and immunocytochemical staining was performed using anti-E-cadherin and anti-β-catenin antibodies (green). Blue, DAPI staining; bars, 10 µm.