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Key Laboratory Abnormalities Encountered in Patients with HF Based on the Primary Mechanism
| Laboratory Parameter | Elevated Filling Pressure | Low Cardiac Output |
|---|---|---|
| AST | -/↑ | ↑↑ |
| ALT | -/↑ | ↑/↑↑ |
| Bilirubin | -/↑ | ↑/↑↑ |
| GGT | ↑↑ | -/↑ |
| ALP | ↑/↑↑ | -/↑ |
| LDH | ↑/↑↑ | -/↑↑ |
HF, heart failure, AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
