Table 1.

Descriptions and examples of behavioral categories

Behavioral category	Description	Example
Self-directed
Mark-directed or sham-directed	Specific orienting or repetitive behaviors while positioned that, when the dolphin is marked, expose the marked body part to the reflective surface or, when the dolphin is sham-marked, expose the sham-marked part of the body to the reflective surface	Repetitive upward neck stretches when the dolphin is marked ventrally, e.g., under the chin, or sustained left-side orientation when the dolphin is marked behind the left pectoral fin
Exploratory	Specific orienting or repetitive behaviors while positioned that occur when the dolphin is either unmarked or marked but do not expose the marked body part to the mirror	Repetitive vertical head movements when the dolphin is marked in the horizontal plane, e.g., behind the right pectoral fin, or sustained right-side orientation when the dolphin is marked on the ventral surface, e.g., near genitals
Non-directed	Does not occur while positioned at a particular location	Swimming, surfacing
Ambiguous	Positioned behavior at a reflective surface that does not indicate a specific orientation or exposure of one particular part of the body to the mirror	Head-on position without other specific body movements
Social	Behaviors typically observed when subject, or other dolphins in general, confront another unfamiliar dolphin	Threats, such as squawks or jaw claps, or invitations to interact, such as underwater tail slaps