Table 1.

Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia1,5,6

Modifiable risk factors	Nonmodifiable risk factors
Intubation Duration of mechanical ventilation Aspiration Body position (supine versus semi-recumbent) Enteral feeding Modulation of colonization (eg, decontamination) Stress ulcer prophylaxis Transfusions Hyperglycemia	Extremes of age Chronic lung disease (especially bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) Abdominal or thoracic surgery Intubation Duration of mechanical ventilation Immunosuppression Prior antimicrobial use