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Roles of TGF-β receptors in activation of MAPKs and Smad1/5/8. In addition to activating Smad2/3, TGF-β can also turn on MAPKs and Smad1/5/8. (A) Activation of MAPKs can be achieved via the TRAF6-TAK1 axis or the Grb2/Shc-Ras axis. (B) In addition to TGF-β receptors, activation of Smad1/5/8 has been shown to be dependent on ALK1 and endoglin in endothelial cells or the BMP type I receptors ALK2/3/6 in other cell types.
