Fig. 3.

Central hemodynamic responses to passive movement in the M+VF, M-VF, and F protocols. A: cardiac output (CO) over time. B: heart rate [HR; in beats/min (bpm)] over time. C: stroke volume (SV) over time. D: mean arterial pressure (MAP) over time. Note that the responses shown are the average responses of all subjects; therefore, the maximal peak values are underestimated. Diamonds indicate significant differences from the 60-s baseline average. Due to the multiple trials, variance in the data was omitted for clarity.