Table 3.

Association of Demographic, Behavioral, Virologic, and Clinical Factors with HIV-1 RNA Level (log₁₀ copies/mL) in CVL Among 481 Participants Across 976 Visits.

		Univariate modelsb		Multivariate model excluding summary inflammationc		Multivariate model including summary inflammationg
Factora	Mean SE)	β (SE)	P	β (SE)	P	β (SE)	P
Self-identified ethnicity
White (non-Hispanic)	2.08 (0.09)	Ref		-	-
African-American (non-Hispanic)	2.23 (0.05)	0.15 (0.10)	0.15	-	-
Hispanic	2.32 (0.08)	0.24 (0.12)	0.04	-	-
Other	2.08 (0.18)	−0.002 (0.20)	0.99	-	-
Antiretroviral therapy
No therapy	2.28 (0.06)	Ref		Ref		Ref
Monotherapy	2.42 (0.10)	0.13 (0.11)	0.23	0.03 (0.11)	0.78	0.03 (0.11)	0.79
Combination therapy	2.46 (0.09)	0.18 (0.10)	0.09	0.08 (0.10)	0.43	0.09 (0.09)	0.33
HAART	1.90 (0.04)	−0.38 (0.07)	<0.001	−0.17 (0.07)	0.01	−0.19 (0.07)	0.005
Plasma HIV-1 RNA, copies/mL (PVL)
≤4,000	1.83 (0.03)	Ref		Ref		Ref
4,001–9,999	2.09 (0.08)	0.26 (0.09)	0.003	0.27 (0.09)	0.002	0.22 (0.08)	0.01
10,000–39,999	2.38 (0.08)	0.55 (0.09)	<0.001	0.47 (0.09)	<0.001	0.47 (0.09)	<0.001
40,000–99,999	2.60 (0.10)	0.77 (0.11)	<0.001	0.74 (0.11)	<0.001	0.68 (0.11)	<0.001
≥100,000	3.02 (0.12)	1.19 (0.12)	<0.001d	1.09 (0.14)	<0.001d	1.09 (0.13)	<0.001d
Per log10 increase		0.55 (0.04)	<0.001	0.50 (0.05)	<0.001	0.50 (0.05)	<0.001
CD4 cell count, cells/mm3
0–200	2.50 (0.09)	0.52 (0.10)	<0.001d	-	-
201–350	2.32 (0.07)	0.34 (0.09)	<0.001	-	-
351–500	2.11 (0.06)	0.13 (0.07)	0.07	-	-
>500	1.98 (0.05)	Ref		-	-
Hepatitis C status
AB-negative	2.26 (0.05)	Ref		-	-
AB-positive RNA-negative	2.06 (0.12)	−0.19 (0.13)	0.14	-	-
AB-positive RNA-positive	2.21 (0.07)	−0.05 (0.09)	0.54	-	-
Vaginal pH
<4.5	2.13 (0.06)	Ref		-	-
4.5–5.4	2.18 (0.05)	0.05 (0.07)	0.51	-	-
5.5+	2.34 (0.06)	0.21 (0.08)	0.01e	-	-
Squamous metaplasia	2.26 (0.05)	0.10 (0.06)	0.10	-	-
Inflammation	2.36 (0.13)	0.16 (0.13)	0.22	-	-
Inflammation-associated cellular changes	2.62 (0.17)	0.42 (0.17)	0.01	0.38 (0.17)	0.03
Cervical friability	2.56 (0.10)	0.37 (0.11)	0.001
Cervical ectopy	2.92 (0.21)	0.71 (0.21)	0.001	0.48 (0.18)	0.009
Cervical exudate	2.39 (0.07)	0.20 (0.07)	0.007	0.18 (0.06)	0.005
Cervical lesions	2.58 (0.14)	0.37 (0.15)	0.01	-	-
Herpes simplex virus, type 1	2.27 (0.04)	0.21 (0.09)	0.02	-	-
BV Gram stain score
Normal (0–3)	2.12 (0.05)	Ref		-	-
Intermediate (4–6)	2.30 (0.07)	0.18 (0.08)	0.03	-	-
Consistent (7–10)	2.31 (0.06)	0.19 (0.08)	0.01f	-	-
Trichomonas vaginalis	2.52 (0.14)	0.33 (0.15)	0.02	0.31 (0.14)	0.03
inflammation Summary Variable (ISV)	2.29 (0.04)	0.29 (0.06)	<0.001			0.16 (0.06)h	0.004h

NOTE. Boldface type indicates statistical significance. ART, antiretroviral therapy; BV, bacterial vaginosis; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; Ref, reference; SE, standard error.

^aAll factors were evaluated but only those with associations where P<0.10 are included in the table.

^bLinear regression with generalized estimating equations assuming an exhangeable correlation matrix and identity link is used to estimate β-coefficients, standard errors and P values.

^cThe multivariate model includes all evaluated factors where P<0.10 in the univariate model (excluding summary inflammation) that remained P<0.10 in the multivariate model. Estimates are displayed for all variables that were included in the model. 857 observations are included in the multivariate model.

^dP-trend<0.001;

^eP-trend<0.01;

^fP-trend<0.05.

^gThe multivariate model includes all factors in the table (except those inflammatory variables that are used to define the summary inflammation) where P<0.10 in the univariate model that remained P<0.10 in the multivariate model. Estimates are displayed for all variables that remained in the model. 957 observations are included in the multivariate model.

^hThere was significant interaction between ISV and PVL in correlation with CV-VL with correlation coefficient 0.26. Using Generalized Estimating Equation the following equation was derived: Y= 0.7+0.33X₁−0.79X₂+0.26X₁*X₂ where Y=log₁₀ CV-VL, X₁=log₁₀ HIV RNA, X₂=ISV (P=0.006)