Table 2.
Divergence times for the major groups of arthropods. Divergence times from least squares (LS) methods are means (<30 proteins) or modes of time estimates from individual proteins. Summary times are averages across methods for comparisons that maximize the calibrations and proteins used, indicated in bold. Abbreviations: CD= Chilopoda-Diplopoda calibration (423 Ma); DA= Deuterostomia-Arthropoda calibration (993 Ma); N/A = not applicable; XA= Xiphosura-Arachnida calibration (480 Ma).
| Number of proteins | Divergence time (Ma) and standard error (if available) | ||||||||||
| Node | Calibration point | Total | Rate constant | MGGLS | MGLLS | SGGLS | SGLLS | SGLDT | SGLMDT | SGLPL | Summary |
| Chilopoda-Diplopoda | DA | 5 | 5 | 433 ± 39 | 464 ± 68 | 433 ± 39 | 468 ± 68 | 389 ± 59 | 451 ± 45 | 381 | 442 ± 50 |
| XA | 5 | 4 | 398 ± 79 | N/A | 357 ± 79 | N/A | 499 ± 57 | 474 ± 40 | 537 | ||
| XA & DA | 5 | 4 | 398 ± 38 | 425 ± 79 | 376 ± 38 | 384 ± 79 | 469 ± 44 | 469 ± 36 | 439 | ||
| XA &/or DA | 5 | 5 | 430 ± 43 | 457 ± 69 | 404 ± 39 | 426 ± 73 | 469 ± 44 | 469 ± 36 | 439 | ||
| Xiphosura-Arachnida | DA | 5 | 4 | 521 ± 71 | 534 ± 44 | 511 ± 71 | 526 ± 44 | 372 ± 58 | 448 ± 40 | 373 | 475 ± 53 |
| CD | 5 | 4 | 563 ± 92 | N/A | 568 ± 92 | N/A | 403 ± 48 | 418 ± 36 | 467 | ||
| CD & DA | 5 | 4 | 526 ± 73 | 534 ± 48 | 519 ± 73 | 532 ± 48 | 394 ± 41 | 432 ± 35 | 394 | ||
| Branchiopoda-Malacostraca | DA | 9 | 3 | 625 ± 8 | 551 ± 19 | 640 ± 8 | 591 ± 19 | 670 ± 58 | 631 ± 37 | 655 | 614 ± 23 |
| XA | 5 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 680 ± 87 | 643 ± 56 | 806 | ||
| XA & DA | 5 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 594 ± 50 | 638 ± 33 | 595 | ||
| XA &/or DA | 5 | 3 | 625 ± 8 | 551 ± 19 | 640 ± 8 | 591 ± 19 | 632 ± 54 | 638 ± 33 | 625 | ||
| CD | 5 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 581 ± 75 | 561 ± 51 | 717 | ||
| XA & D | 5 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 635 ± 74 | 608 ± 47 | 729 | ||
| CD & DA | 5 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 554 ± 51 | 616 ± 34 | 563 | ||
| Insecta-Crustacea | DA | 47 | 36 | 765 ± 74 | 700 ± 72 | 669 ± 34 | 643 ± 33 | 616 ± 53 | 788 ± 22 | 577 | 666 ± 58 |
| XA | 5 | 4 | 619 ± 132 | N/A | 534 ± 132 | N/A | 744 ± 89 | 802 ± 69 | 875 | ||
| XA & DA | 5 | 4 | 617 ± 92 | 646 ± 99 | 562 ± 92 | 576 ± 99 | 647 ± 46 | 763 ± 17 | 645 | ||
| XA &/or DA | 47 | 36 | 741 ± 87 | 698 ± 70 | 615 ± 63 | 609 ± 66 | 631 ± 49 | 763 ± 17 | 611 | ||
| CD | 5 | 5 | 650 ± 98 | N/A | 568 ± 98 | N/A | 637 ± 77 | 687 ± 56 | 779 | ||
| XA & D | 5 | 4 | 612 ± 95 | N/A | 573 ± 93 | N/A | 695 ± 75 | 737 ± 48 | 729 | ||
| CD & DA | 5 | 5 | 641 ± 69 | 665 ± 70 | 578 ± 69 | 593 ± 70 | 605 ± 48 | 758 ± 18 | 611 | ||
| Myriapoda-Chelicerata | DA | 6 | 4 | 594 ± 51 | 664 ± 84 | 630 ± 51 | 716 ± 84 | 630 ± 62 | 664 ± 32 | 589 | 642 ± 63 |
| XA | 5 | 2 | 674 ± 110 | N/A | 605 ± 110 | N/A | 751 ± 67 | 728 ± 49 | 847 | ||
| XA & DA | 5 | 2 | 582 ± 57 | 668 ± 166 | 576 ± 57 | 594 ± 166 | 675 ± 32 | 689 ± 26 | 669 | ||
| XA &/or DA | 6 | 4 | 602 ± 51 | 664 ± 80 | 603 ± 54 | 655 ± 125 | 652 ± 47 | 689 ± 26 | 629 | ||
| CD | 5 | 3 | 560 ± 18 | N/A | 544 ± 18 | N/A | 640 ± 56 | 647 ± 40 | 757 | ||
| XA & D | 5 | 2 | 594 ± 29 | N/A | 638 ± 29 | N/A | 700 ± 47 | 687 ± 34 | 772 | ||
| CD & DA | 5 | 3 | 608 ± 49 | 668 ± 83 | 558 ± 49 | 576 ± 83 | 618 ± 34 | 642 ± 25 | 621 | ||
| (Myriapoda-Chelicerata)-Pancrustacea | DA | 24 | 22 | 747 ± 40 | 731 ± 41 | 717 ± 40 | 692 ± 41 | 690 ± 61 | 727 ± 20 | 602 | 725 ± 46 |
| XA | 5 | 4 | 783 ± 139 | N/A | 703 ± 139 | N/A | 892 ± 97 | 812 ± 59 | 1051 | ||
| XA & DA | 5 | 4 | 784 ± 65 | 826 ± 111 | 740 ± 65 | 758 ± 111 | 768 ± 35 | 738 ± 19 | 764 | ||
| XA &/or DA | 24 | 22 | 745 ± 41 | 729 ± 41 | 728 ± 52 | 725 ± 76 | 729 ± 48 | 738 ± 19 | 683 | ||
| CD | 5 | 5 | 791 ± 79 | N/A | 727 ± 79 | N/A | 767 ± 82 | 734 ± 56 | 940 | ||
| XA & D | 5 | 4 | 747 ± 86 | N/A | 754 ± 86 | N/A | 836 ± 77 | 769 ± 51 | 956 | ||
| CD & DA | 5 | 5 | 784 ± 42 | 815 ± 66 | 761 ± 42 | 780 ± 66 | 727 ± 38 | 721 ± 19 | 728 | ||