Table 1.

Multinomial logistic regression predicting the odds ratios [95% CI] of opioid persistence subgroup using sex, age, income, race, parental status, population density, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and inhalant persistence subgroups (unweighted n = 116,160).

Substance		Non-persistent	p-value	Persistent	p-value	Recent onset	p-value
Female		1.17 [1.04–1.30]	.007	1.17 [1.05–1.30]	.006	1.27 [1.17–1.38]	<.001
Age		1.15 [1.10–1.20]	<.001	1.11 [1.07–1.16]	<.001	1.03 [1.01–1.06]	.013
Income	Less than $20,000	1.50 [1.22–1.84]	<.001	1.40 [1.16–1.68]	<.001	1.08 [.95–1.22]	.ns
	$20,000–49,999	1.41 [1.21–1.64]	<.001	1.23 [1.06–1.43]	.007	1.01 [.89–1.13]	.ns
	$50,000–74,999	1.21 [.98–1.50]	.ns	1.07 [.91–1.27]	.ns	1.10 [.99–1.23]	.ns
Race	Hispanic/Latino	.98 [.83–1.15]	.ns	.83 [.70–.99]	.042	.81 [.70–.95]	.008
	Black	.92 [.77–1.11]	.ns	1.14 [.96–1.35]	.ns	.69 [.60–.80]	<.001
	Native American	.64 [.42–1.00]	.048	.83 [.49–1.43]	.ns	.89 [.60–1.31]	.ns
	Pacific Islander	1.03 [.38–2.74]	.ns	1.58 [.90–2.77]	.ns	.61 [.28–1.34]	.ns
	Asian	.78 [.49–1.24]	.ns	.96 [.65–1.42]	.ns	.61 [.40–.93]	.023
	Multiracial	1.22 [.84–1.77]	.ns	1.07 [.82–1.39]	.ns	.76 [.61–.93]	.009
Parental status	Mother-only	1.12 [.98–1.29]	.ns	1.14 [.97–1.34]	.ns	1.16 [1.04–1.28]	.007
	Father-only	1.05 [.80–1.38]	.ns	1.02 [.79–1.31]	.ns	1.15 [.96–1.37]	.ns
	Neither parent	1.44 [1.13–1.83]	.004	1.16 [.93–1.45]	.ns	1.20 [.99–1.44]	.ns
Population	Not in CBSA	.99 [.83–1.18]	.ns	.92 [.78–1.09]	.ns	1.10 [.98–1.23]	.ns
density	CBSA < 1M	1.07 [.93–1.22]	.ns	1.12 [.99–1.27]	.ns	1.10 [1.01–1.20]	.038
Cigarette	Non-persistent	1.85 [1.53–2.23]	<.001	1.05 [.85–1.30]	.ns	1.33 [1.15–1.55]	<.001
	Persistent	2.37 [1.91–2.93]	<.001	2.49 [2.09–2.97]	<.001	2.30 [2.06–2.57]	<.001
	Recent	1.22 [.92–1.61]	.ns	1.10 [.88–1.38]	.ns	1.97 [1.74–2.22]	<.001
Alcohol	Non-persistent	2.78 [2.23–3.46]	<.001	1.95 [1.54–2.48]	<.001	2.10 [1.70–2.58]	<.001
	Persistent	2.59 [2.13–3.16]	<.001	3.05 [2.55–3.65]	<.001	3.86 [3.30–4.52]	<.001
	Recent	1.48 [1.17–1.86]	<.001	1.19 [.96–1.47]	.ns	3.24 [2.80–3.74]	<.001
Marijuana	Non-persistent	2.35 [1.89–2.92]	<.001	1.61 [1.29–2.00]	<.001	1.84 [1.53–2.20]	<.001
	Persistent	2.53 [2.07–3.08]	<.001	3.88 [3.36–4.48]	<.001	4.71 [4.11–5.41]	<.001
	Recent	1.00 [.78–1.29]	.ns	1.00 [.80–1.25]	.ns	2.82 [2.53–3.14]	<.001
Inhalants	Non-persistent	4.34 [3.69–5.10]	<.001	3.97 [2.86–5.50]	<.001	2.61 [2.06–3.32]	<.001
	Persistent	4.09 [3.42–4.89]	<.001	9.60 [7.69–11.97]	<.001	3.97 [3.26–4.83]	<.001
	Recent	2.15 [1.85–2.50]	<.001	3.69 [2.96–4.60]	<.001	3.96 [3.49–4.49]	<.001

Note: The reference group for sex = male, income = $75k+, race = White, parental status = dual parent household, population density = CBSA > 1M, and for each type of substance = nonuser. All odds ratios and p-values are the weighted estimate.