TABLE 3.
Any Visitsc (N = 727) |
Increased Visitsc (N = 289) |
WTCD Visitsc (N = 509) |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variablesb | N (%) | Adjusted OR |
Adjusted 95% CI |
Adjusted OR |
Adjusted 95% CI |
Adjusted OR |
Adjusted 95% CI |
Age | |||||||
18–29 | 284 (22.72) | 1.05 | 0.61–1.81 | 0.75 | 0.35–1.61 | 1.74 | 0.92–3.31 |
30–44 | 596 (32.88) | 1.52 | 0.92–2.51 | 1.23 | 0.61–2.48 | 3.09* | 1.78–5.36 |
45–64 | 586 (32.54) | 1.47 | 0.89–2.42 | 1.03 | 0.53–2.00 | 2.48** | 1.45–4.26 |
65+ | 215 (11.87) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 693 (46.20) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Female | 988 (53.80) | 1.34*** | 1.01–1.80 | 1.44 | 0.98–2.12 | 1.27 | 0.92–1.76 |
Race | |||||||
White | 782 (42.95) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
African American | 422 (25.96) | 0.69 | 0.37–1.20 | 0.61 | 0.35–1.06 | 0.96 | 0.61–1.51 |
Latino | 367 (24.09) | 1.30 | 0.76–2.10 | 1.22 | 0.76–1.96 | 1.45 | 0.93–2.27 |
Asian | 62 (4.56) | 0.47*** | 0.23–0.95 | 0.13*** | 0.27–0.66 | 0.69 | 0.32–1.48 |
Other | 48 (2.43) | 1.19 | 0.58–2.43 | 1.21 | 0.43–3.40 | 1.23 | 0.55–2.74 |
Health insurance | |||||||
No | 200 (14.27) | 0.77 | 0.48–1.23 | 0.49*** | 0.25–0.95 | 0.75 | 0.43–1.31 |
Yes | 1481 (85.73) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Exposure to WTCD | |||||||
None/low | 362 (26.73) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Moderate | 719 (43.93) | 1.96** | 1.33–2.90 | 1.93*** | 1.12–3.35 | 2.95* | 1.77–4.90 |
High | 416 (21.76) | 1.97** | 1.27–3.06 | 1.83*** | 1.01–3.32 | 4.34* | 2.49–7.55 |
Very high | 184 (7.58) | 2.08*** | 1.16–3.73 | 1.50 | 0.71–3.19 | 4.32* | 2.26–8.26 |
Negative life events 2+ | |||||||
No | 1045 (69.19) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 636 (30.81) | 1.64** | 1.20–2.26 | 1.44 | 0.97–2.15 | 1.26 | 0.88–1.81 |
Lifetime traumatic events 2+ | |||||||
No | 838 (55.16) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 843 (44.84) | 1.23 | 0.92–1.63 | 1.15 | 0.78–1.68 | 0.95 | 0.68–1.31 |
WTCD panic attack | |||||||
No | 1451 (89.67) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 230 (10.33) | 0.99 | 0.63–1.55 | 0.83 | 0.53–1.31 | 1.50 | 0.94–2.41 |
Anxiety disorder | |||||||
No | 1348 (85.88) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 333 (14.12) | 2.34* | 1.48–3.69 | 3.12* | 1.93–5.06 | 3.20* | 2.03–5.06 |
Low self-esteem | |||||||
No | 831 (51.82) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 850 (48.18) | 1.04 | 0.77–1.42 | 1.08 | 0.71–1.63 | 0.94 | 0.65–1.34 |
PTSD | |||||||
No | 1468 (91.73) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 213 (8.27) | 1.22 | 0.66–1.94 | 1.44 | 0.87–2.39 | 1.37 | 0.82–2.28 |
Depression | |||||||
No | 1260 (82.13) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
Yes | 421 (17.87) | 2.14* | 1.44–3.20 | 1.57 | 0.97–2.53 | 2.26* | 1.48–3.46 |
All odds ratios and confidence intervals shown represent the weighted data, adjusted for the number of telephone lines and adults in the household, the treatment over-sample, and survey stratification.
Other variables in the model, but not shown are marital status, education, income, access to a regular doctor, and level of social support.
Any visits, any visits since WTCD; Increased visits, increase in visits since WTCD; WTCD visits, visits related to WTCD.
p < 0.001.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.05.
WTCD indicates World Trade Center disaster; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.