Table 3.
Tissue penetration of β-lactamsa
| Antibiotics | Samples | Patient demographics | Concentration ratiosb | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle and subcutaneous tissue | ||||
| Meropenem | Microdialysis in subcutaneous tissue | N = 10 severe sepsis, 5 continuous infusion | Bolus 0.44 Continuous infusion 0.57 (day 2) |
Roberts et al., 2009 [24] |
| Imipenem | Microdialysis in muscle and subcutaneous tissue |
N = 11 (6 patients) Severe sepsis |
Patients | Tegeder et al., 2002 [32] |
| • Muscle 0.1 | ||||
| • Subcutaneous 0.14 | ||||
| Volunteers | ||||
| • Muscle 0.5 | ||||
| • Subcutaneous 0.43 | ||||
| Imipenem | Microdialysis in muscle |
N = 12 (6 patients) Severe sepsis |
Patients 1 Volunteers 0.97 |
Dahyot et al., 2008 [33] |
| Piperacillin | Microdialysis in muscle and subcutaneous tissue |
N = 12 (6 patients) Septic shock |
Patients | Joukhadar et al., 2001 [44] |
| • Muscle 0.19 | ||||
| • Subcutaneous 0.1 | ||||
| Volunteers | ||||
| • Muscle 0.55 | ||||
| • Subcutaneous 0.31 | ||||
| Piperacillin | Microdialysis in subcutaneous tissue |
N = 13 Severe sepsis |
Bolus 0.21 Continuous infusion 0.2 |
Roberts et al., 2009 [45] |
| Cefpirome | Microdialysis in muscle |
N = 18 (12 patients) Severe sepsis or septic shock |
Patients 0.63 Volunteers 0.83 |
Joukhadar et al., 2002 [52] |
| Cefpirome | Microdialysis in subcutaneous tissue |
N = 18 (11 patients) Severe sepsis |
Patients 0.43 Volunteers 0.79 |
Sauermann et al., 2005 [51] |
| Burned skin | ||||
| Cefepime | Biopsy of burned area |
N = 6 Burn patients |
Day 3 1.52 (point concentration 3 to 5 hours after dose) | Sampol et al., 2000 [61] |
| Peritoneum | ||||
| Meropenem | Microdialysis in peritoneum |
N = 6 Surgical peritonitis |
0.74 | Karjagin et al., 2008 [25] |
| Ceftazidime | Peritoneal drainage |
N = 18 Surgical peritonitis |
Day 2 • Continuous infusion 0.56 |
Buijk et al., 2002 [74] |
| • Bolus 0.35 | ||||
| Imipenem | ELF (bronchoscopy) |
N = 8 Pneumonia |
0.20 (point concentration ratio 2 hours after dose) | Muller-Serieys et al., 1987 [35] |
| Imipenem | Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate) |
N = 10 Trauma patients with VAP |
NR | McKindley et al., 1996 [34] |
| Piperacillin | ELF (bronchoscopy) |
N = 10 VAP |
0.57 (point concentration ratio 5 hours after dose) | Boselli et al., 2004 [41] |
| Piperacillin | ELF (bronchoscopy) |
N = 40 VAP |
0.44 (point concentration ratio 4 hours after dose) | Boselli et al., 2008 [43] |
| Piperacillin | Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate) |
N = 8 VAP |
0.36 | Jehl et al., 1994 [42] |
| Cefepime | ELF (bronchoscopy) |
N = 20 VAP |
1.04 (point concentration ratio) | Boselli et al., 2003 [63] |
| Cefepime or ceftazidime | Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate) |
N = 5 cefepime VAP |
Cefepime < 0.02 | Klekner et al., 2006 [62] |
|
N = 4 ceftazidime VAP |
Ceftazidime < 0.05 | |||
| Ceftazidime | Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate) |
N = 5 Pneumonia |
0.12 | Langer et al., 1991 [76] |
| Ceftazidime | Bronchial secretions (tracheal aspirate) |
N = 12 Nosocomial pneumonia |
0.76 | Bressolle et al., 1992 [77] |
| Ceftazidime | ELF (bronchoscopy) |
N = 15 VAP |
0.21 (point concentration ratio at steady state) | Boselli et al., 2004 [69] |
aELF: epithelial lining fluid; NR: not reported. bMean area under the concentration time curve (AUC) tissue-to-plasma ratio unless otherwise stated.