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. 2012 Apr 24;3:152. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00152

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Copyright © 2012 Kajitani, Satsuka, Kawate and Sakai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.

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The structure of HPV16 LCR (region of the control of early promoter P97). The early promoter P97 and replication origin are located in LCR, which are regulated by various cellular factors. Activity of P97 is regulated by AP-1, NF1, SP1, TFIID, TF1, Oct-1, PSM, and the viral transcription factor E2. Four E2-binding sites (E2BS) have been identified in HPV16 LCR and the consensus sequence for E2BS is shown in an inset. A glucocorticoid receptor and progesterone receptor (GR/PR) recognition element was also identified in the LCR. The existence of a keratinocyte-specific enhancer (KE) has been proposed (Desaintes and Demeret, 1996).