Table 1.
Baseline characteristics among prostate cancer patients, men with elevated PSA levels but no CaP, and their matched controls in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD, 1998–2008).
| Study population | Prostate cancer patients (cases) and matched controls | Men with elevated PSA but no CaP (cases) and matched controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |
| N | 2,616 | 2,616 | 10,128 | 10,128 |
| Mean age1, year (SD) | 72 (9) | 68 (9) | ||
| Region1 (%) | ||||
| Eastern | 15% | 14% | ||
| Southern | 36% | 38% | ||
| Northern | 30% | 28% | ||
| London | 10% | 9% | ||
| Others2 | 9% | 11% | ||
| Smoking3 (%) | ||||
| Never | 49% | 46% | 47% | 41% |
| Current | 13% | 15% | 12% | 16% |
| Past | 38% | 39% | 41% | 43% |
| PSA3 (%) | ||||
| ≤2.5 ng/mL | 3.5% | 100.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% |
| 2.51–10 ng/mL | 29.5% | — | 80.3% | — |
| >10 ng/mL | 67.0% | — | 19.7% | — |
| Elevated4 | 93.9% | — | 74.9% | — |
| Not elevated | 6.1% | 100.0% | 25.1% | 100.0% |
1Matching factors.
2Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales.
3Data on smoking status were missing for 168 CaP patients, 205 CaP controls, 511 men with elevated PSA, and 562 controls for elevated PSA; PSA data were missing for 1285 CaP patients.
4Based on UK cutoffs, ≥3.0 among those with age 50–59 years; ≥4.0 among those with age 60–69 years; >5.0 among those with age 70 and over.